1. Physical Characteristics: Human Characteristics:
Physical Geography:
Definition –
Examples –
Human Geography:
Definition –
Examples –
Physical Characteristics:
Human Characteristics:
Coastal Plains Region
Central Plains Region
Great Plains Region
Mountains and Basins Region

2. Describe the Physical Geography of each region.
Rainfall (High or Low?):
Elevation (High or Low?):
Type of Terrain:
Describe the Human Geography of each region.
Major Cities:
Population (High or Low?):
Major Industries:

3. Geography of the Earth
Texas is located in the United States, which is located on the continent of North America.

4. Natural Landforms of the Earth
Physical Geography
Natural Landforms of the Earth

5. How Humans Change the Geography of the Earth
Human Geography
How Humans Change the Geography of the Earth

6. If you were given the job of categorizing all the plastic balls at Chuck-E Cheese’s, how would you do it?

7. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEXAS REGIONS
Low rainfall; land is high in elevation and very flat
Average rainfall; land varies in elevation with rolling hills and lots of trees
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
TEXAS REGIONS
Low rainfall; land is high in elevation, jagged and mountainous
High rainfall; land is low in elevation with fertile soil; contains the largest cities in Texas

11. HUMAN CHARACTERICS OF TEXAS REGIONS
Leading Industries in Texas:
1800’s
Agriculture – Cotton, Cows, and Corn
1900’s
Oil – Natural Gas, Petroleum, and Oil Field Machinery
(See pgs. 64 and 423 for geography of Texas Industry)
Texas Highways
and Cities
HUMAN CHARACTERICS OF
TEXAS REGIONS

14. Directions: Labeling Texas Map
Label the boundaries of the 4 main regions of Texas.
Create a map legend to indicate the name of each region (pg. 22)
Label the following cities:
San Antonio, El Paso, Houston, Austin, Ft. Worth, Dallas, Brownsville, Lubbock, Amarillo, Midland, Odessa, Corpus Christi, Galveston, Beaumont (p. 22)
Label the following rivers:
Sabine, Red, Rio Grande, Nueces, Brazos, Colorado (p. 50)

15. Guiding Questions – Texas Geography
Why is Texas divided into 4 different regions?
Why did the large cities of Texas form in the locations that they did?
What role did Texas rivers play in the forming of settlements, towns, and cities?
Which region in Texas contains the best resources for farmers, ranchers, and oil companies?
Which region in Texas would allow you to live near very large cities?
Which region in Texas would allow you to live furthest away from large cities?
Which region in Texas contains the best resources for lumber companies?
Which region in Texas stretches the furthest north?

17. 9,500 B.C. Native Americans Migrate to Texas

18. How do you think people went from life in the image at the top to life in the image at the bottom?

19. Why do Humans Migrate? Push Factor: Pull Factor:
Forces pushing people away from a place
Examples:
Fear for Safety
Lack of Opportunity
Unhappiness & Boredom
Pull Factor:
Forces pulling people toward a place
Prospect of Safety
Prospect for Opportunity
Prospect for Happiness

20. How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place
Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers.
Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter. These women gatherers naturally became farmers.
Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

21. THESIS SUPPORT EXPLAIN
How Humans Learned to Settle in One Place
Long after humans migrated to North America, a change came about in their basic way of life. Imagine that a group of Native American hunters comes upon a flock of wild sheep. They kill and eat one or two, but they know that if they kill too many at once, the meat will spoil. So they follow the flock for weeks, killing only what they plan to eat. One day the hunters follow the flock into a valley that contains a dead end that will not allow the sheep to pass through. The hunters decide to build several huts and block the only opening in the valley. They settle down as they keep watch over the flock. They begin using the sheep as a reserve of food for when they have no other animals to hunt. They train their dogs to herd and contain the sheep in the valley. Without realizing it, the hunters settled down and became herders and ranchers.
Long known to gather grains such as barley, corn, rice, and wheat, the women of the tribe make a discovery. They realize that the seeds they have been gathering from the plants will grow new plants if they are planted back into the ground. So they begin using sticks to plant and harvest more crops. The crops begin to grow and become another food reserve for the winter. These women gatherers naturally became farmers.
Now settled, the tribe begins to build more huts of larger size to store their belongings. Over time, the tribe turns into an entire village of people. Once wanderers, these people learned to survive and settle down.

22. Guiding Questions: (Answer in complete sentences)
What is the main idea of this passage?
Label each sentence with either a F (fact) or o(opinion), C (combination of fact/opinion).
Label each sentence with either a T (thesis), S (support), or E (explain).
Does this passage make sense to your way of thinking? Is there some other way that you believe people may have learned to settle down?
What do you think may have happened to the tribe in this story over many more years?
Based on what you just learned, explain the push and pull factors that may have led the first people into Texas.

24. Native Texan Tribes
Divide in to
The Four Regions of Texas

26. Tribe: Geographic: Social: Economic: Political:
Comanches
Apaches
Jumanos
Tiguas
Caddoes
Karankawas
Coahuiltecans
Tonkawas
Cherokees

27. Coahuiltecans Karankawas Native Texans Geographic (Region) Political
Economic
Social/Culture
Coahuiltecans
Spanish friars wrote about the Coahuiltecans
Southeast,
Gulf Coast – Nomadic and hunters/
gatherers
Small, nomadic related bands that were part of a larger tribe.
Each band had a shaman who was the spiritual and medical person for the tribe
Hunted small animals of South Texas and lived off the land and may have traded with other nomadic Coahuiltecans
Adaptable tribal group – Use resources from the environment for food, decoration, and use. Wore few clothes due to the hot, humid weather
Women did most of the work because men were in constant search for food.
Mitotes – Dances or festivals to give thanks for a victory, for finding food or some other event in which they were thankful.
Karankawas
Cabeza de Vaca wrote about Karankawas
Southeast coastal prairie and islands
Gulf Coast – Nomadic and hunters/gatherers
Traveled in bands of thirty to forty people headed by a chief
Used dugout canoes to fish and hunted small animals. Traded with other Karankawa groups
Very tall – Men and women were very tall. Men were muscular and well built and women very attractive
Painted and tattooed body
Smeared body with alligator grease to prevent mosquitoes from biting them
Every child was given two names a public name and a secret name believed to be magical

28. Comanche Apache Native Texans Geographic (Region) Political Economic
Social/Culture
Comanche
Great Plains of west Texas
Called Comancheria only welcomed the Kiowa
Plains – Nomadic, dependent on the buffalo, and fierce warriors
Lived in bands that were connected through blood relations
Each band had a chief chosen by members of the band and a war chief chosen by warriors for each campaign
Hunted buffalo, elk, and bear and used every part of them to survive
Collected wild plants to balance their diet but did not farm
Lived in tepees made of buffalo hides
Wore clothes made of buffalo hides
The men grew very long hair and wore it in braids
Fierce warriors
After the Europeans came and introduced the horse, they became very important resources to them.
Apache
From west of San Antonio to the Pecos and Rio Grande River
Family bands that were loosely organized under a chief
A chief proved himself by age, skill and wisdom
Made up of Lipan and Mescalero Apache groups
Hunters and gatherers of buffalo, deer, antelope, javelina, and wild turkeys
Small gardens that they used to trade with other groups
Apache is a pueblo word that means enemy
Pierced ears and wore copper and shell jewelry
Clothing was made from buffalo and deer hides
Women wore long hair which they kept in a braid
Men cut the hair on the left side level with the top of their ear and the right side they grew long
Tepees made of buffalo hides and some lived in lodges
Superstitious

29. Jumano Tiguas Native Texans Geographic (Region) Political Economic
Social/Culture
Jumano
West Texas
Puebloan - Sedentary, farmers, and lived in houses made of adobe
Each village was led by a chief who settled problems
We do not know how the Jumano traders governed themselves
Made up of two groups. One group was hunter-gatherers who traded across Texas and the other group farmed living in large villages along the Rio Grande and Concho Rivers.
Farmed corn, beans, squash gourds and cotton (Did not irrigate crops relied on rain)
Traded with other Native groups. They were part of a large trade network
The Pueblo Jumanos lived in homes called pueblos made from adobe
Tattooed and painted their bodies
Women wore their hair long
Men cut their hair short to about the middle of their scalp. It looked like a cap and left a lock of hair in the middle which they tied feathers to.
The men wore buffalo hides and the women wore deerskin skirts and ponchos.
Tiguas
El Paso area
Governed by a chief who was a medicine man
A governor, war chief, and four captains advised the chief
Farmers who grew corn and other vegetables
Hunted small animals
Built pueblo homes made from adobe. Built around a plaza where people could walk and meet each other.
Built irrigation systems
Still live in Texas today

30. Atakapan Caddos Native Texans Geographic (Region) Political Economic
Social/Culture
Atakapan
Southeast Texas – From Galveston Bay as far north as present day Huntsville
Southeastern – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systems
Small bands with no overall chief
Fished, hunted and gathered food throughout East Texas
Traded for things they needed and could not hunt or gather for themselves
Lived in small lodges that were made of tree branches covered with hides
Men wore animal hides and women wore skirts of Spanish moss and grasses
Tattooed and painted their bodies
Used alligator oil to repel mosquitoes because of this they smelled
Caddos
Welcomed the Spanish with the word Tejas which means “friendship.” That is how Texas got its name.
Piney Woods of East Texas
Chief – An inherited position called a caddi
Council of wise men that kept order and solved problems
Confederation – Loosely banded group of tribes that made some decisions for the Caddo nation
Farmers, tanners, potters and other specialty items which they traded
Farmed large amounts of vegetables
Hunted small animals
Wore clothes of deer and buffalo skin that were decorated and wore jewelry made of beads and bone
Lived in grass huts that looked like beehives or haystacks
Matrilineal – Children belonged to the mother’s clan, men moved into the lodge of their wife, and women could divorce their husbands by simply throwing his belonging out of the lodge.
Built mounds where they built their temples, priests’ homes and homes for important families. These mounds were where the Caddo held religious ceremonies and buried their leaders.

31. Wichita Native Texans Geographic (Region) Political Economic
Social/Culture
Wichita
Southeastern – Sedentary food-rich environment and complex social systems
Eastern edge of the Great Plains near the Caddos
Chiefs that led tribes and assisted by sub-chiefs.
Adult men were asked for advice and warriors smoked the peace pipe to show they were serious about reaching a good decision.
Hunted buffalo as well as farmed fields of corn, beans, and squash.
Lived in thatched beehive homes much like the Caddos
Most dressed of all the Natives – Wore clothes made of tanned hides that covered them from their chins to their ankles, and jewelry
Tattooed around their eyes that made them look like they had raccoon eyes. For this reason they were called “Raccoon Eyes.”
Matrilineal – The Wichita lines descended through their mothers
Believed in an after life

32. Native American Groups in Texas
Native Texans adapted to their environments, settling in different parts of Texas and developing unique cultures.
A Time of Change for Native Texans
Life in Prehistoric Texas
Although most Native Texan groups were eventually displaced by settlers, their culture and heritage continue to influence the larger culture of Texas.
Survival in prehistoric times depended on the ability to hunt and find food. Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place and develop into more complex societies.

33. History of Population Growth in Texas

34. POPULATION FOR SOME NATIVE TEXAS GROUPS, 1690–1890
NATIVE GROUP
ESTIMATE IN ABOUT 1690
1890 CENSUS
Karankawa
2,000
Coahuiltecan
3,500
Atakapan
3,500 9
Mescalero Apache
1,000
473
Lipan Apache
1,500 66
Comanche
10,000
1,598
Kiowa
2,300
1,140
Tonkawa
2,000 56
Wichita
4,200
358
Caddo
8,000
536
TOTAL
38,000
4,227

35. Ways People Change the Environment
Building Farms, Roads and Structures
Leveling the Land
Ways People Change the Environment
Planting Trees
Causing Pollution