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Canada and the Cold War
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Key Terms Commonwealth of Nations Colombo Plan The Korean War
Communist Capitalist Cold War Superpowers Gouzenko Affair Red Scare United Nations NATO Warsaw Pact DEW Line NORAD Commonwealth of Nations Colombo Plan The Korean War Suez Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis Avro Arrow The Nuclear Issue Vietnam War
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Cold War - Definition A war with no direct military conflict but a conflict waged through various other means including: espionage propaganda economic warfare surrogate wars the space and arms race.
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Cold War - Origins After WWII, two Super Powers emerged - the United States and the Soviet Union (Russia). They engaged in a Cold War from The United States was a CAPITALIST country. This meant that private individuals invested in businesses trying to make a profit. The Soviet Union was a COMMUNIST country. This meant that the government controlled the economy by owning the means of production and distribution such as farms, factories, stores and railroads.
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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Cold War - The Gouzenko Affair
The Cold War was brought home to Canada by the Gouzenko Affair. Igor Gouzenko, a clerk at the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa exposed a Soviet spy ring in Canada in Newspaper headlines read: “It’s War! It’s Russia!”. 18 people were arrested with 8 eventually convicted of spying - likely trying to get Atomic Bomb secrets.
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Cold War - The Red Scare The Americans, too were afraid of Communism and Communist spies. Senator Joseph McCarthy lead a witch-hunt which tried to expose spying in America. Long lists of potential communists were accused and interrogated and eventually found guilty - even if evidence was only a set of flimsy rumours. The convicted lost their jobs and futures.
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Cold War - International Organizations
Canada was involved in a wide variety of international organisations. Some were aimed at maintaining peace. United Nations Others were for defence or waging war. NATO; NORAD One was to maintain independence from the USA. Commonwealth of Nations
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Cold War - Canada’s Red Scare
In Canada, artists, peace activists, union leaders and intellectuals were labelled ‘security risks’ and investigated by a special branch of the RCMP. Some organisations refused to hire people who had been blacklisted.
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Cold War - United Nations
Formed after WWII goal of Collective security 51 original members, including Canada focus on negotiation and mediation but given 3 powers condemnation - through speeches / resolutions sanctions - urging members to suspend trade military - send in armed forces if necessary
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Cold War - United Nations
Limited Success Resolving Conflicts Why? No permanent armed force charter forbids interference in ‘internal’ matters - only between nations (ex. Cannot stop genocide or civil war) now, over 190 members - difficult to reach agreement
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Cold War - United Nations
Limited Success Resolving Conflicts Why? Security Council 5 permanent members: USA; USSR; France; Britain; China and ten other nations for two year terms any permanent member can veto any resolution thus, conflicts between major powers cannot be resolved through UN
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Cold War - United Nations
Successes assistance after natural disasters building schools; roads; dams development aid as of 1999 Canadians had been involved in every single UN Peacekeeping operation more than 100 Canadian soldiers have died in peacekeeping operations
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Cold War - NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
a military alliance of Western nations set up in opposition to the Soviets in 1949 “Where force threatens it must be kept at bay by superior force.” (WLMK)
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Cold War - NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Canada had to agree to meet military commitments to NATO Canadian soldiers were permanently stationed in Europe in a state of war readiness all members agreed that nuclear weapons could be used if necessary in war against Soviets total nuclear war, it was agreed was only acceptable as a last resort
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Cold War - Warsaw Pact Formed in 1955
made up of largely Eastern European nations allied with the Soviet Union a response to NATO Who was the aggressor NATO or Warsaw Pact?
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Cold War - NORAD Integrated defence of North America from attack by Soviet missiles DEW lines - lines of distant early warning radar stations were set up across the Arctic in 1950 and 1957 American military personnel were stationed on Canadian soil for the first time Was the security gainde worth the loss of independence?
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Cold War - NORAD Both sides soon developed Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) Launched from silos or subs into space could reach one another’s cities in less than 30 minutes DEW lines were rendered obsolete
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Cold War - NORAD The North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD) was established in 1957 a system including fighter forces, missile bases, and air defence radar controlled by and American general based in Colorado moon or missiles?
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Cold War - Commonwealth of Nations
Clearly, NATO and NORAD were controlled by the USA Canada joined the Commonwealth to link itself to other nations of the world - separate from the USA focus was not military rather, trade and aid
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Cold War - Commonwealth of Nations
Colombo Plan, 1950 provide aid to less developed countries experts gave technical assistance overseas students encouraged to travel to Canada (doctors; engineers; public administration) a nuclear reactor was sent to India for ‘peaceful purposes’ - oops... Canadians used the Commonwealth as a forum to promote justice and human rights (ex. Spoke out against Apartheid in South Africa)
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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Cold War - Origins Canada was involved in the Cold War as an ally to the United States. Our alliance with them evolved naturally because of our geographic proximity, history of co-operation, similar economic and political systems, and integrated cultures.
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