1. Scientific Serendipity: Building Planets in Plastic Bags

2. Article: Building Planets in Plastic Bags APRIL 13, 2004 by David Tytell Adapted by W. Sturges 2010

3. Sometimes important scientific discoveries happen by chance: In 2003 astronaut Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center) was aboard the International Space Station preparing his weekly Saturday Morning Science program, in which he performed various experiments highlighting the fun things one can do in microgravity. Before him were plastic bags containing salt, sugar, and coffee grounds. The demonstration he had planned that morning was fairly mundane - shake the bags and watch what happens. Little did Pettit know he might be about to solve experimentally one of most perplexing paradoxes surrounding the formation of planets.

4. The problem: For decades theorists have had trouble growing planets starting from small dust grains in a protoplanetary gas-and-dust disk. For decades theorists have had trouble growing planets starting from small dust grains in a protoplanetary gas-and-dust disk. Given a turbulent disk environment with high winds and high-velocity (100 meters/second) impacts between objects, small, millimeter- size clumps should have difficulty growing to centimeter size and larger without breaking back into millimeter fragments. Given a turbulent disk environment with high winds and high-velocity (100 meters/second) impacts between objects, small, millimeter- size clumps should have difficulty growing to centimeter size and larger without breaking back into millimeter fragments. No one had ever seen it work experimentally. No one had ever seen it work experimentally.

5. What Pettit did: Pettit proceeded to take the bags of particles and shake them in front of the camera. Pettit proceeded to take the bags of particles and shake them in front of the camera. Within seconds, as the videos show, the grains clumped together to form centimeter- scale structures. Within seconds, as the videos show, the grains clumped together to form centimeter- scale structures. These fractal-like globs appear particularly strong, colliding with the walls of the plastic bag and remaining largely intact.

6. Small salt grains (0.5 millimeters across) clump to form centimeter-size structures in seconds when left alone in microgravity. Courtesy Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center)

7. When the salt grains clump together, the fractal structures are much stronger than one might assume since these structures survive impacts with the sides of the plastic bag. Courtesy Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center)

8. Someone noticed: Fellow astronaut Stanley G. Love (NASA/JSC) was working spacecraft communications in Mission Control in Houston, Texas when Pettit began beaming back the images. Fellow astronaut Stanley G. Love (NASA/JSC) was working spacecraft communications in Mission Control in Houston, Texas when Pettit began beaming back the images. Love, whose training in planetary science involved asteroids and collisions, immediately realized the implications of this simplistic, gee- whiz demonstration. Love, whose training in planetary science involved asteroids and collisions, immediately realized the implications of this simplistic, gee- whiz demonstration. "Don!" Love exclaimed, "Do you realize you've just solved the middle stage of planetary accretion?" "Don!" Love exclaimed, "Do you realize you've just solved the middle stage of planetary accretion?"

9. The “experiment” was not designed to show what was observed ! Both Pettit and Love are the first to admit that the experiment is hardly quantitative science. The details are far from controlled or precise. But, even though some quantities may be unrealistic for a protoplanetary disk — such as the particle density and air density — the effect works for different materials that are both homogeneous (salt) and inhomogeneous (coffee grounds). Both Pettit and Love are the first to admit that the experiment is hardly quantitative science. The details are far from controlled or precise. But, even though some quantities may be unrealistic for a protoplanetary disk — such as the particle density and air density — the effect works for different materials that are both homogeneous (salt) and inhomogeneous (coffee grounds). It also works for particles of various sizes, from 0.5 mm through to 6 mm in diameter. It also works for particles of various sizes, from 0.5 mm through to 6 mm in diameter.

10. Larger salt grains (1–6 millimeters across) exhibit the same behavior as the smaller particles. Courtesy Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center)

11. A hidden force in planet-building: static electricity Pettit and Love have proposed an explanation for the phenomenon — electrostatics. Pettit and Love have proposed an explanation for the phenomenon — electrostatics. When Pettit rubbed his finger on the bag, the particles inside were instantly drawn to the place he poked. When Pettit rubbed his finger on the bag, the particles inside were instantly drawn to the place he poked. While the electric charge on each grain is unknown, most experts agree that electrostatics and charge exchanges between particles occur in protoplanetary nebulae. "We know electrostatics are there. There is definitely charge in nebulae," says Stuart J. Weidenschilling (Planetary Science Institute). Observations like these are "icing on the cake" for proving that electrostatics matter in planet formation, he says.

12. By touching the bag, electric charge is imparted onto the system and the salt particles immediately react. This implies that electrostatics might be the reason for the reaction. Courtesy Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center) By touching the bag, electric charge is imparted onto the system and the salt particles immediately react. This implies that electrostatics might be the reason for the reaction. Courtesy Donald R. Pettit (NASA/Johnson Space Center)

13. Static electricity causes lightning: Steven Desch (Arizona State University), also notes that the idea of electrostatics is hardly far-fetched. Steven Desch (Arizona State University), also notes that the idea of electrostatics is hardly far-fetched. He and others have even predicted that lightning is possible in planetary nurseries. We see lightning in various dry environments on Earth such as volcanic ash and sandstorms, says Desch. He and others have even predicted that lightning is possible in planetary nurseries. We see lightning in various dry environments on Earth such as volcanic ash and sandstorms, says Desch.

14. Can what happened in a plastic bag be responsible for starting planet formation? The largest concern about the study is one of scaling: The largest concern about the study is one of scaling: Can salt grains bouncing around in a Ziploc bag truly represent protoplanetary pieces in a primordial solar system? Do the density of particles in the bag, the rate of collisions observed, the apparent strength of the centimeter-scale agglomerations, and the charges within the bag approximate ancient circumstances well enough to say anything about our planet's past? Do the density of particles in the bag, the rate of collisions observed, the apparent strength of the centimeter-scale agglomerations, and the charges within the bag approximate ancient circumstances well enough to say anything about our planet's past? Pettit and Love don't claim to know the answers — they simply presented the experiment as a way to mobilize theorists around a potential solution. Pettit and Love don't claim to know the answers — they simply presented the experiment as a way to mobilize theorists around a potential solution.

15. Still, the pair can speculate. When asked by Love if Pettit could make a Jupiter this way, he replied, "I'll need a bigger bag." Still, the pair can speculate. When asked by Love if Pettit could make a Jupiter this way, he replied, "I'll need a bigger bag."