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INDUSTRIALIZATION: MANCHESTER
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For centuries, most people lived in the country 1800- Urbanization period City building and movement of people to cities Caused by growth of factory system # of cities with more than 100k doubled INDUSTRIAL CITIES
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Problems with growth 1.Bad housing 2.No sanitary codes 3.No building codes 4.Inadequate edu. 5.No police force Living Conditions Unpaved streets covered in garbage Dark, dirty, small shelters Sickness spread rapidly Life span- 17 years (38 in country) INDUSTRIAL CITIES
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Working Conditions 14 hrs./ 6 days a week Factories were dark and dangerous No government aid in case of injury Coal mines Most dangerous conditions Life span- 10 yrs. Shorter than an average person Women/children worked in mines- cheaper labor INDUSTRIAL CITIES
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Middle Class Skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers Made good money & had nice homes Grew in size and some became wealthier than nobles Working Class Saw little improvement to their living/working conditions machines began to replace some workers Created a hatred/class struggle in cities CLASS TENSIONS
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Positive Effects: Created jobs Increased wealth of people/nations Increased production of goods Raised standard of living Healthier diets Cheaper/more clothing Expanded educational opportunities Negative Effects Hard working conditions Long hours Child labor Pollution EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
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CH.9 Section 3 INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS
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U.S. possessed all of the same resources that were present in Great Britain War of 1812 GB blockaded the U.S. to prevent international trade Also forbade engineers, tool makers, and mechanics to leave GB U.S. Industrial infancy Started in the textile mills Samuel Slater (1789) Migrated to U.S. Built spinning machine from memory Machine used to develop thread in Pawtucket, Rhode Island INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE U.S.
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Francis Lowell & 4 investors revolutionized textile industry Mechanized each phase of cloth making Massachusetts becomes manufacturing center of the U.S. Women in the workplace Young/single women flocked to these towns to work in the textile mills Higher wages/independence Behavior was watched closely by employers Worked 12 hrs/day-----6 days/week MASSACHUSETTS
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NE industrialized early in 1800s Majority of U.S. remained agricultural until end of Civil War (1865) Factors of Expansion 1.Resources: oil, coal, iron 2.Railroads 3.Inventions: light bulb, telephone, etc. Railroads played major role in America’s industrialization Chicago & Minneapolis expanded rapidly Railroads were very profitable business INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION IN U.S.
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1817 Worked for a steamboat company out of NY/NJ 1820 Started his own shipping business in NY Known as a ruthless and highly competitive businessman California Gold Rush Offered a shortcut through Nicaragua for people in East traveling West Earned aprrox. $1 million/ year ($26 million today) Railroad Tycoon Built majority of east coast railroads around NY Connected his railroads with line to Chicago Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times CORNELIUS VANDERBILT
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Railroad Tycoon Built majority of east coast railroads around NY Connected his railroads with line to Chicago Lowered costs, increased efficiency, & sped up travel/shipment times Grand Central Station Built in 1913 Brought together all lines coming to NYC Vanderbilt University Donated $1 million to build university Mascot: The Comodores CORNELIUS VANDERBILT
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Railroad building required a great deal of money Birth of stocks & corporations Stock: rights of ownership Corporation: owned by stockholders that share in profit but not personally responsible for debts Big businesses boomed during this era Controlled every aspect of their industry Made profits by reducing prices RISE OF CORPORATIONS
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1865 Rockefeller took control of an oil refinery Cleveland, Ohio Oil was used to make kerosene (light source) 1870- Standard Oil Company 1 st American monopoly- owned every step of process Bought rival refineries Controlled 90% of the oil business in the U.S. Sherman Anti-trust Act Made monopolies illegal Standard Oil broken into 30 separate companies Wealth @ height he was worth $900,000,000 Worth $26,000,000 Gave most of it to charities & colleges (Chicago & Rockefeller University) JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
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Working background Worked for $1.20/ week in cotton mill Worked in railroad industry- saw need for iron bridges Investment made him wealthier Carnegie Steel Company-1892 Based out of Pittsburg Bought steel companies nation wide Homestead Labor Strike Workers went on strike against working conditions 10 workers were killed- hurt production for next 40 yrs Sold company to J.P. Morgan $480 million Carnegie Hall NYC Opera House- $1.1 million ANDREW CARNEGIE
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