1. SKYE INSTRUMENTS LTD Llandrindod Wells, United Kingdom

2. 1. SpectroSense2+ Meter 2. Spectral Reflectance 3. Vegetation Indices 4. SpectroSense2+ Configurations SPECTROSENSE2+

3. 1. SpectroSense2+ Meter 2. Spectral Reflectance 3. Vegetation Indices 4. SpectroSense2+ Configurations SPECTROSENSE2+

4. SPECTROSENSE 2+.GPS 8 channel meter Display 8 readings at once Ratio of incident / reflected Store function Automatic datalogging VI & LAI calculations GPS for field mapping SPECTROSENSE2+

5. VEGETATION INDICES (VIs) “Greenness” Index Detects presence of vegetation Measures ratios of spectral bands Estimate plant biomass / cover Identify plant species Detect plant health / disease SPECTROSENSE2+

6. VEGETATION INDICES (VIs) Applications Crops & Horticulture, Precision Agriculture Climate Change Satellite Ground Truthing Carbon Balance SPECTROSENSE2+

7. VI Calculations NDVI & PRI MODIS EVI EVI2 & MSAVI2 RVI & WBI LAI fPAR Individual readings SPECTROSENSE2+

8. 1. SpectroSense2+ Meter 2. Spectral Reflectance 3. Vegetation Indices 4. SpectroSense2+ Configurations SPECTROSENSE2+

9. SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING Measuring Reflected Light Different surfaces reflect different wavelengths Easy identification of land, ocean, forest, desert etc Satellite maps Ground truth maps SPECTROSENSE2+

10. SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING Measuring Reflected Light VIS, NIR and SWIR wavelengths Each surface has a “fingerprint” spectrum Low values - absorption High values - reflectance SPECTROSENSE2+

15. VEGETATION INDICES (VIs) Calculated from reflected radiation “Greenness” Indices Detects presence of vegetation Estimate plant biomass / cover Identify plant species Detect plant health / disease SPECTROSENSE2+

16. 1. SpectroSense2+ Meter 2. Spectral Reflectance 3. Vegetation Indices 4. SpectroSense2+ Configurations SPECTROSENSE2+

17. SIMPLE RATIO VEGETATION INDICES Simple Ratio of two Wavelengths RVIRelative Vegetation Index Uses Red and NIR bands WBIWater Band Index Uses 970nm and 990 nm bands SPECTROSENSE2+

18. Relative Vegetation Index RVI =NIR Red SPECTROSENSE2+

19. RVI Ranges from 0 to infinity 0 bare soil >0vegetation SPECTROSENSE2+

20. Water Band Index WBI = R 900 or R 900 R 970 R 1530 Surface wetness, water vapour flux SPECTROSENSE2+

21. WBI For Green Vegetation Range is 0.8 to 1.2 SPECTROSENSE2+

22. NDVI Normalised Differential Vegetation Index The most widely used “greenness” VI Measure ratios of NIR to Red Estimates amount of Biomass & Ground Cover Health Status of plants SPECTROSENSE2+

23. Normalised Differential Vegetation Index NDVI = (R NIR - R Red ) (R NIR + R Red ) This has limitations in dense vegetation SPECTROSENSE2+

24. NDVI Ranges from -1 ice and snow 0 bare soil +1 full vegetation cover SPECTROSENSE2+

25. Fraction of PAR Absorbed by the plant canopy fPAR = 1.24 * NDVI - 0.168 Strongly linked to LAI Leaf Area Index SPECTROSENSE2+

26. fPAR Ranges from -1 ice and snow 0 bare soil +1 full vegetation cover SPECTROSENSE2+

27. LAI Leaf Area Index LAI = Total upper leaf surface Ground surface area 0 = bare soil 6 = dense forest Can be estimated using NDVI SPECTROSENSE2+

28. From NDVI LAI = a * e (b * NDVI) where a = 0.0148, e = exponential, b = 6.192 LAI Leaf Area Index SPECTROSENSE2+

29. PRI Photochemical Reflective Index Measure ratios of Green to Yellow Rate of photosynthesis Light Use Efficiency LUE Health Status of plants Productivity of plants SPECTROSENSE2+

30. PRI = Photochemical Reflective Index PRI = (R 570 - R 531 ) (R 570 + R 531 ) corresponds with Xanthophyll Cycle activity & LUE Light Use Efficiency SPECTROSENSE2+

31. PRI Ranges from -1 to +1 Healthy Vegetation -0.2 to +0.2 SPECTROSENSE2+

32. MODIS EVI Enhanced Vegetation Index Uses MODIS bands 1, 2 and 3 Red, NIR and Blue Better sensitivity for high biomass Responsive to canopy structure SPECTROSENSE2+

33. MODIS EVI EVI = (R NIR - R Red ) * G (R NIR + C 1 *R Red - C 2 *R Blue + L ) where C 1 =6, C 2 =7.5, L=1, G=2.5 SPECTROSENSE2+

34. MODIS EVI Ranges from -1 to +1 Healthy Vegetation 0.2 to 0.8 SPECTROSENSE2+

35. EVI2 2 band Enhanced Vegetation Index Uses just Red and NIR bands Blue band not required Good correlation with MODIS EVI SPECTROSENSE2+

36. EVI2 EVI2 = 2.5 * (R NIR - R Red ) (R NIR + 2.4 * R Red + 1) 2 band Enhanced Vegetation Index SPECTROSENSE2+

37. EVI2 Ranges from -1 to +1 Healthy Vegetation 0.2 to 0.8 SPECTROSENSE2+

38. MSAVI2 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index Uses Red and NIR bands Compensates for exposed soil areas Best where vegetation cover is <40% SPECTROSENSE2+

39. MSAVI2 MSAVI2 = (2*R NIR + 1) -  [(2 * R NIR + 1) 2 - 8*(R NIR - R Red )] 2 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index SPECTROSENSE2+

40. MSAVI2 Ranges from -1 ice and snow 0 bare soil +1 full vegetation cover SPECTROSENSE2+

41. LAI Leaf Area Index LAI = Total upper leaf surface Ground surface area 0 = bare soil 6 = dense forest Can be estimated using PAR Sensors SPECTROSENSE2+

42. Using a pair of PAR Sensors An Incident PAR sensor above the canopy A Line PAR sensor below the canopy LAI = -2 * ln (PAR LQ / PAR I ) LAI Leaf Area Index SPECTROSENSE2+

43. 1. SpectroSense2+ Meter 2. Spectral Reflectance 3. Vegetation Indices 4. SpectroSense2+ Configurations SPECTROSENSE2+

44. SPECTROSENSE 2+.GPS One SpectoSense2+ meter Two identical sensors GPS module for mapping Hand held pole Carry case SPECTROSENSE2+

45. TWO IDENTICAL SENSORS Cosine corrected for incident light measurements Narrow angle FOV sensor for reflected light measurements Simultaneous readings allow use in any light conditions SPECTROSENSE2+

46. TWO OR FOUR BAND SENSORS Specially designed geometry of narrow angle light acceptance Changing the height above the ground changes the area of measurement E.g. 1.8m height = 0.5m 2 area r h 25° Sensor 1 Sensor 2 SPECTROSENSE2+

47. HAND HELD NDVI SYSTEM SpectroSense2+ meter Two 2 channel sensors Red and NIR bands NDVI & RVI fPAR & LAI EVI2 & MSAVI SPECTROSENSE2+

48. MODIS EVI SYSTEM SPECTROSENSE2+ SpectoSense2+ meter Two 3 or 4 channel sensors Blue, Red and NIR bands NDVI & RVI fPAR & LAI MODIS EVI EVI2 & MSAVI

49. NDVI / PRI SYSTEM SpectroSense2+ meter Two 4 channel sensors Red, NIR, 531 & 570nm bands NDVI & RVI fPAR & LAI EVI2 & MSAVI PRI SPECTROSENSE2+

50. LEAF AREA INDEX Two PAR sensors Incident PAR sensor above canopy Line PAR sensor below canopy SPECTROSENSE2+

51. SKYE INSTRUMENTS LTD Llandrindod Wells, United Kingdom