1. Why Does Sodium Have a Much Higher Second Ionization Energy? 1 st 0.5 kj/mol 2 nd 4.6 kj/mol

2. - - - - - - - - - - - +11 The energy required to remove the outermost electron from an atom.

3. What causes the electron to stay in the atom in the first place?

4. Electrostatic Force Opposites Attract Like Charges Repel

5. - - - - - - - - - - - +11 11 Electrons: -11 11 Protons: +11 Charge: 0 11 Na Sodium 23 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1

6. - - - - - - - - - - - +11 Electrons in an atom can shield each other from the pull of the nucleus.

7. - - - - - - - - - - - +11 The closer particles are the stronger the attraction.

8. - - - - - - - - - - - +11 - - - - - - - - - -

9. The electrostatic force holding the electrons to the nucleus is stronger for the second electron because it is closer to the nucleus. There is less electron shielding so those electrons in the second energy level feel more pull from the nucleus and are held tighter. 11 Na Sodium 23 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1