1. Review of Statistics, Indicators & Metadata Theme: Air Indicators: 2.7 Emissions of Lead 2.8 Consumption of Leaded Petrol

2. Emissions of Lead (Pb) Definition of Indicator Definition of Indicator Pure lead is a silvery-white metal that oxidizes and turns bluish-gray when exposed to air. Lead is primarily used in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries, lead alloys, lead oxides in pigments, glass, lead cable coating, and a variety of lead products including ammunition and radiation shielding. Lead is emitted into the atmosphere from mining and smelting; from its use as a feedstock in the production of lead alloys, lead compounds and other lead-containing products; from mobile sources; and from combustion sources. The major sources of Pb emissions have historically been motor vehicles and industrial sources. Pure lead is a silvery-white metal that oxidizes and turns bluish-gray when exposed to air. Lead is primarily used in the manufacture of lead-acid batteries, lead alloys, lead oxides in pigments, glass, lead cable coating, and a variety of lead products including ammunition and radiation shielding. Lead is emitted into the atmosphere from mining and smelting; from its use as a feedstock in the production of lead alloys, lead compounds and other lead-containing products; from mobile sources; and from combustion sources. The major sources of Pb emissions have historically been motor vehicles and industrial sources.

3. Data Source & Method of Data Collection Data Source – Air Quality Management Unit, National Environment & Planning Agency (NEPA). Data Source – Air Quality Management Unit, National Environment & Planning Agency (NEPA). Method of Data Collection – A compilation of annual emission reports completed by industries (facilities classified as ‘major’ & ‘significant’) that emit to the atmosphere in Jamaica. Emission reports are submitted to NEPA and re-checked. Method of Data Collection – A compilation of annual emission reports completed by industries (facilities classified as ‘major’ & ‘significant’) that emit to the atmosphere in Jamaica. Emission reports are submitted to NEPA and re-checked.

4. Method of Computation Emissions data (includes emissions other than Pb) are based on a combination of stack test data, estimations based on fuel use, estimations using AP42 Emissions Factors (developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) and also Mass Balance equations. Emissions data (includes emissions other than Pb) are based on a combination of stack test data, estimations based on fuel use, estimations using AP42 Emissions Factors (developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) and also Mass Balance equations.

5. Summary of Annual Emissions from Major and Significant Facilities in Jamaica: 2012 Sector Type of Emission PM10SOXNOXVOCCOPbCO2N2OCH4P.A.PsHg (tonnes) Industrial Sources 11040.3836074.6611259.361193.3993848.2070.115859247625752.2358892.51683180.36681.889826 Non-Industrial Sources 1035.23432619.3128443.141747.0849320.7840292575828.85072584.201100 Total 12075.6268693.9639702.52940.48313168.990.115859540201681.0866676.7179180.36681.889826

6. Lead Emissions from Major and Significant Facilities in Jamaica: 2009-2012 SectorPb Emissions (tonnes) 2009201020112012 Industrial Sources 0.1780930.090.120.115859 Non-Industrial Sources 0000 Total 0.1780930.090.120.115859 Data on Pb emissions only available for the period 2009 -2012 (NEPA currently working on 2013)

7. Data Gaps Data does not represent the sum total of all Pb emissions released to the atmosphere – data still outstanding from some industries. Data does not represent the sum total of all Pb emissions released to the atmosphere – data still outstanding from some industries. Data does not include emissions made from other sources such as home- based/backyard smelting. Data does not include emissions made from other sources such as home- based/backyard smelting.

8. Areas for Improvement Only the facilities classified as major or significant (licensed under Air Pollutant Discharge License by NEPA) are required to submit emissions report to NEPA. Only the facilities classified as major or significant (licensed under Air Pollutant Discharge License by NEPA) are required to submit emissions report to NEPA. Eventually the smaller facilities will be required to submit emissions reports. Eventually the smaller facilities will be required to submit emissions reports.

9. Consumption of Leaded Petrol Definition of Indicator Definition of Indicator Leaded fuel or leaded petrol is defined as fuel oil with the addition of antiknock agents that are mixture of Tetraethyl lead & dibromethane. TEL (tetraethyl lead) blended with lead by-products like dibromethane or dichloromethane was used as a famous antiknock agent and octane booster in petrol mainly in efforts to increase fuel mileage & decrease engine knocking. Leaded fuel or leaded petrol is defined as fuel oil with the addition of antiknock agents that are mixture of Tetraethyl lead & dibromethane. TEL (tetraethyl lead) blended with lead by-products like dibromethane or dichloromethane was used as a famous antiknock agent and octane booster in petrol mainly in efforts to increase fuel mileage & decrease engine knocking.

10. Consumption of Leaded Petrol in Jamaica Officially, petrol stations in Jamaica began selling unleaded fuel in April 2000. Officially, petrol stations in Jamaica began selling unleaded fuel in April 2000. Leaded petrol was fully phased out by the end of 2001. Leaded petrol was fully phased out by the end of 2001. Types of unleaded fuel in Jamaica: Types of unleaded fuel in Jamaica: 87 Octane Fuel 87 Octane Fuel 90 Octane Fuel 90 Octane Fuel E 10 Gasoline (combination of ethanol and gasoline) E 10 Gasoline (combination of ethanol and gasoline)

11. Consumption of Leaded Petrol Data Source - Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy & Mining Data Source - Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy & Mining Years for which data available: 1995 - 2001 Years for which data available: 1995 - 2001

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