1. Bronchogenic Carcinoma: Electronic Nose Allied Health – 4060 Research Project Trevor Cable

2. Bronchogenic Carcinoma Electronic Nose: What is Bronchogenic Carcinoma? What is the Electronic Nose? A heterogeneous disease resulting from the acquisition of multiple somatic mutations A heterogeneous disease resulting from the acquisition of multiple somatic mutations One of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. One of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. Odor-sensing technology, signal processing, and diagnostic algorithms has led to the creation of a chemical sensing and identification device Odor-sensing technology, signal processing, and diagnostic algorithms has led to the creation of a chemical sensing and identification device The disease is generally subdivided into two large groups: small cell lung cancer and non–small cell lung cancer The disease is generally subdivided into two large groups: small cell lung cancer and non–small cell lung cancer Electronic noses rely on arrays of chemical vapor sensors that respond to specific stereochemical characteristics of an odorant molecule, mainly volatile organic compounds Electronic noses rely on arrays of chemical vapor sensors that respond to specific stereochemical characteristics of an odorant molecule, mainly volatile organic compounds

3. Review of the Literature High density oligonucleotide arrays to detect differential gene expression in lung cancer for the identification of candidate genes responsible for lung cancerHigh density oligonucleotide arrays to detect differential gene expression in lung cancer for the identification of candidate genes responsible for lung cancer With the aid of a computer, the amount of mRNA bound to the spots on the microarray is precisely measured, generating a profile of gene expression in the cell

4. Review of Literature Continued Breath is beneficial in the testing for bronchogenic carcinomaBreath is beneficial in the testing for bronchogenic carcinoma Like the human nose, the electronic nose responds in concert to a given odor to generate a pattern, or "smellprint," which is analyzed, compared with stored patterns, and recognized.Like the human nose, the electronic nose responds in concert to a given odor to generate a pattern, or "smellprint," which is analyzed, compared with stored patterns, and recognized. A smellprint is a pattern of resistance changes that is obtained from the sensor array given to vapor.A smellprint is a pattern of resistance changes that is obtained from the sensor array given to vapor.

5. Methods Gained research approval from ETSU's IRB education programGained research approval from ETSU's IRB education program Performed HIPPA and VARKPerformed HIPPA and VARK There were four strategies used to reduce the threats to the internal reliability:There were four strategies used to reduce the threats to the internal reliability: (1)Low-inference, descriptors(1)Low-inference, descriptors (2)multiple researchers(2)multiple researchers (3) peer examination(3) peer examination (4) mechanically recorded data.(4) mechanically recorded data. Utilized quantitative research method Study designed in two phases. Discovery and Training phase Utilized A nonblinded analysis Study used the interval / ratio parametric test Two-tailed t-test statistics, χ2, analysis of variance, and analysis of variance on ranks were used where appropriate, with the Bonferroni correction. Quantitative data summarized as mean ± SE Categoric data summarized by frequencies.

6. Conclusion Cancer is a disease caused by somatic and inherited mutations in genes called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.Cancer is a disease caused by somatic and inherited mutations in genes called oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The knowledge of genes mutated can predict the course of neoplasias, including their therapeutic vulnerabilities.The knowledge of genes mutated can predict the course of neoplasias, including their therapeutic vulnerabilities. This knowledge is likely to become increasingly important as cancers, or suspected cancers, are detected at earlier and earlier stagesThis knowledge is likely to become increasingly important as cancers, or suspected cancers, are detected at earlier and earlier stages New improved electronic nose called zNose. zNose has received government for HomeLand Security. zNose™ is the first electronic nose with the ability to speciate and measure the concentration of individual chemicals contained within odors and fragrances in just 10 seconds. Breath is beneficial in the testing for bronchogenic carcinoma because it contains volatile organic compounds

7. Conclusion Continued Can the electronic nose identify and distinguish lung disease? The improved electronic nose known as the zNose can detect chemical products that bacteria generates.Can the electronic nose identify and distinguish lung disease? The improved electronic nose known as the zNose can detect chemical products that bacteria generates. biomarkers from lung cancer breath have to be confirmed. It has to be confirmed that the cancer is coming from the lungs and not from the throat or mouthbiomarkers from lung cancer breath have to be confirmed. It has to be confirmed that the cancer is coming from the lungs and not from the throat or mouth Currently a university in London is investigating the zNose. More local hospitals or Veterans Hospitals are needed to test the zNOSE!!! Once testing comparisons are proven to be effective, this improved electronic nose could be validated and used in physician’s offices to help with the early detection and treatment of cancer whether it is from the lungs, throat, or mouth.