1. Test #1 Notes – Con’t Concept Map #2
Classification of Matter

2. The Phases (States) of Matter
Solid (s)
* definite shape & definite volume
* particles are in a regular, geometric pattern or crystalline shape
* particles vibrate in fixed positions
Liquid (l)
* take shape of container, definite volume
* particles can flow
Gas (g)
* expand to completely fill container
* no definite shape or volume
Note - Vapor refers to a substance that is not normally a gas.
(aq) = Aqueous = the substance is dissolved in water.

3. Phases – con’t 4. The phases differ due to differences in the:
a) arrangement or distance between their particles
b) attraction between their particles.
Solid Liquid Gas

4. The Three Classes of Matter:
Elements
Compounds
Mixtures
Matter
Substance Mixtures of Substances
(fixed composition) (composition varies)
Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous
(these are homogeneous)
Suspensions Solutions

5. Models Elements (made of a single kind of atom)
Monatomic Element or Diatomic Element
He H2
Compounds
(hook different atoms together to show they are chemically combined)
Water is a compound (H2O)
Mixtures
(the different substances aren’t hooked – shows they are physically combined)
Mixture of
Water (H2O) & Oxygen (O2)

6. Elements 1. Elements are substances composed of atoms
that cannot be broken down any further.
A particular element contains atoms having the same atomic number.
Some examples: Iron (Fe) or Hydrogen (H2)

7. Elements – con’t
Some elements exist in several different forms.
They have different structures & different
properties. (Allotropes)
Example: Forms of solid Carbon

8. Elements – con’t
Example: Forms of Oxygen gas Most oxygen in the air is O2. This is the odorless gas that sustains life. Ozone is O3. Ozone gas has a sharp odor and damages respiratory tissue.

9. Compounds
1. Compounds are substances composed of atoms from 2 or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed or definite ratio.
2. The compound’s properties are not the same as its component’s original properties.
Examples: Water (H2O)
Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

10. Mixtures
Mixtures are composed of 2 or more different substances physically combined in any ratio.
The composition of a mixture is not fixed. For example grape juice may be really sweet or tart.
The components of a mixture keep (or retain) their original individual properties.
Examples:
Raisin Bran, Chex Mix, Koolaid, Italian Salad
Dressing

11. E, C, or M? NH3(g) Br2(l) H2SO4(aq) Cu(s) NaCl(s) NaCl(aq)
Answers: C, E, M, E, C, M

12. Homogeneous Mixtures
You cannot see the different parts because the particles are uniformly or evenly mixed resulting in constant properties throughout that sample. Examples: Kool-Aid, Air, Milk, Saltwater.

13. Heterogeneous Mixture
You can see visibly different parts because the particles are NOT uniformly mixed.
Examples: Soil, Vegetable soup, Trail mix, Lucky charms

14. Miscible vs Immiscible
Miscible refers to mixtures of liquids that dissolve in each other
Example: water & vinegar
Immiscible refers to mixtures of liquids that separate (don’t dissolve)
Example: water & oil

15. Solutions
A solution is a homogeneous mixture containing a solute dissolved in a solvent.
Example: sugar water C12H22O11 (aq)
(aq) = aqueous = dissolved in water
2. The solute (sugar) is the substance dissolved.
3. The solvent (water) does the dissolving.
They cannot be separated by filtration.
Note: If a solid dissolves, we say it is soluble.

16. Suspensions
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of an insoluble solid suspended in a liquid.
The insoluble solid doesn’t dissolve, it will settle on standing.
An example is cornstarch mixed in water.
They can be separated by filtration.

17. Separation of Mixtures
The components in a mixtures can be separated physically - based on differences in properties such as color, density, solubility, etc.
Some examples: (see pictures)
Filtration (particle size)
Chromatography (absorption)
Distillation (boiling point)

18. Filtration
In filtration, larger solid particles are separated from smaller liquid particles by passing the mixture through a filter.

19. Distillation
Distillation uses differences in the boiling points to separate a homogeneous mixture into its components.

20. Chromatography
Separation of components of black ink
Chromatography separates substances in a mixture based on differences in absorption up a strip of paper dipped in a solvent.

21. Separation of Compounds
Occurs only by chemical reaction
Example: Decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen gas