1. 140 130 120 110 100 Effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors is different from that of carbohydrate restriction Although restriction of carbohydarate reduces post-prandial BG, SGLT-2 inhibitors can protect pancreatic beta cells by reducing insulin requirement during fasting state. 90 80 70 60 50 58M, diet:1722kcal/day

2. Beer 330ml (alcohol 6%) caused hypoglycemia Report of adverse event Beer

3. Cost 205.5 308.3 205.5 411.0 308.3 205.5 yen per day

4. Tofogliflozin has the shorter duration of life.

7. Insulin resistance Homeostasis model analysis (HOMA) First description in 1979 Turner et al. Turner R, Holman RR, Matthews D, Hockaday TR, Peto J : Insulin deficiency and insulin resistance interaction in diabetes : estimation of relative contribution by feedback analysis from basal plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. (Metabolism 28:1086-1096, 1979.) HOMA INDEX()=rl=rp During basal steady state: This is converted to the below formula. The unit of PG is mmol/min. 0= HGP & Splanchnic ( f PG,fIRI,rl) － Brain (fPG) － Muscle (fPG,fIRI, rp) Where fIRI : fasting insulin conc. [mU/L], fPG : fasting PG [mmol/L] rl : liver insulin resistance, rp : peripheral (or muscle) insulin resistance Assuming that rl=rp(=R), the above formula can be solved for R after substituting fPG and fIRI for actual measured values. rp rl fIRI 1+ 0.4 0.1 fPG 1+ 14 fIRI +2 1.2 1 1 0.4 1+ 1 1 6 6 fPG 0= 3-1.86 ×log × -1.5×log(fPG) -1.5×log(fPG) - - - - × × × × NOTE: the function above is in steady state.

8. Calculation of HOMA-IR (example) rl=rp(=R) ， fIRI=8 [  U/ml], fPG=6 [mmol/L] rp rl fIRI 1+ 0.4 0.1 fPG 1+ 14 fIRI +2 1.2 1 1 0.4 1+ 1 1 6 6 fPG 0= 3-1.86 ×log × -1.5×log(fPG) -1.5×log(fPG) - - - - × × × × Then,R R 8 1+ 0.4 0.1 6 1+ 14 8 +2 1.2 1 0.4 1+ 1 6 6 0= 3-1.86 × log -1.5 -1.5 × log(6) - - × × Note: this calculation was estimated from the figures found in the original Metabolism paper published in 1979. It may possible that Dr. Turner used a different formuola. It was possible to solve this equation by a large frame computer in 1979. Now it is easy to solve this equation by an EXCEL file. R=2.1 (when fIRI=8  U/ml, fPG=108mg/dl(=6mmol/L))Thus, M. Matsuda: index of insulin secretion and insulin resistance, Internal Medicine [Japanese] 105:39-44, 2010.

9. Induction of Simplified HOMA formula Reduced formula (1985 by Matthews D et al.) (1985 by Matthews D et al.) Diabetologia 28:412-419, 1985 HOMA-IR= HOMA-b%=

10. Subject: Re: HOMA-IR under use of SGLT-2 inhibitors Hi, HOMA doesn't give the correct answer when used with SGLT2 inhibitors since the effect of insulin appears greater as more glucose is cleared... So you need to use iHOMA, and change the renal threshold appropriately as described in our Diabetes Care paper: Hill NR, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Expansion of the homeostasis model assessment of beta-cell function and insulin resistance to enable clinical trial outcome modeling through the interactive adjustment of physiology and treatment effects: iHOMA2. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:2324-30. Best wishes David Prof. David R. Matthews Professor of Diabetes Medicine, University of Oxford Emeritus Chairman, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM). Medical tutor, Harris Manchester College, Oxford Personal communication

11. iHOMA2 Diabetes Care. 2013; 36:2324-30. http://www.ihoma.co.uk/