1. STAGES OF SUGAR COOKERY Food chemistry lab: Practical no.2By
Dr Boominathan Ph.D
Pondicherry University

2. Sugar Cooking and its importance
Goals
1. Cook sugar syrups to various stages of hardness.
Uses
1. Prepare vanilla custard sauce, pastry cream, and baked custard.
2. Prepare starch-thickened puddings and baked puddings.
Sugar Cooking and its importance
Understanding sugar cooking is important in the preparation of desserts and confections because sugar syrups of various strengths are often required.

3. BASIC PRINCIPLES
The principle of sugar cooking is fairly simple: a solution of syrup of sugar and water is boiled to evaporate part of the water.
As the water is boiled off, the temperature of the syrup gradually rises. When all the water has evaporated, what you have left is melted sugar. The sugar will then begin to caramelize or turn brown and change flavor.
If heating continues, the sugar will continue to darken and then burn.
A syrup cooked to a high temperature will be harder when it is cooled than will a syrup cooked to a lower temperature.
For example, a syrup cooked to 240°F will form a soft ball when cooled.
A syrup cooked to 300°F will be hard and brittle when cooled.

4. SIMPLE SYRUP
Simple syrup is a solution of equal weights of sugar and water.
For example, combine 1 part of water and 1 lb of granulated sugar in a saucepan, stir, and bring to a boil to dissolve the sugar. Cool the syrup.

5. Dessert syrup
Dessert syrup is a flavored simple syrup used to moisten and flavor some cakes. (Many chefs use 2 or 3 parts water to 1 part sugar for a less sweet syrup.)
Flavorings may be extracts, such as vanilla, or liquors, such as rum or kirsch.
Add flavorings after the syrup has cooled, because flavor may be lost if they are added to hot syrup. Syrups may also be flavored by boiling them with lemon or orange rind.

6. Graininess is a common fault in many candies and desserts
Graininess is a common fault in many candies and desserts. Graininess results when cooked sugar crystallizes or turns to tiny sugar crystals rather than staying dissolved in the syrup.
If even one sugar crystal comes in contact with a cooked syrup, it can start a chain reaction that turns the whole thing into a mass of sugar crystals.
To avoid crystallization during the first stages of boiling, use one of the following techniques.
1. Wash down the sides of the saucepan with a brush dipped in water. This will remove crystals that may "seed" the whole batch.
2. When first bringing the syrup to a boil, cover the pan and boil for several minutes. Condensed steam will wash down the sides of the pan. Uncover and finish cooking without stirring.
Sometimes an acid such as cream of tartar is added to a syrup before cooking. Acids change some of the sugar to invert sugar, which resists crystallizing.
Corn syrup is sometimes added for the same reason.
Sugar Cooking

7. Stages of Sugar Cooking
Temperature
Stage °F °C
Thread
230
110
Soft Ball
240
115
Firm Ball
245
118
Hard Ball
Small Crack
Crack
Hard Crack
Caramel
STAGES OF SUGAR COOKING
Testing the temperature with a candy thermometer is the most accurate way to determine the desired doneness of a syrup.
In the old days, syrups were tested by dropping a little syrup into a bowl of cold water and checking the hardness of the cooled sugar. The stages of doneness were given names that described their hardness.
Table 1.1 Stages of sugar cooking.

8. Sugar Cooking Basic Principles
A solution of syrup of sugar and water is boiled to evaporate part of the water.
As the water evaporates the temperature of the sugar rises. If left cooking it will caramelize or turn brown and change flavor.
Sugars cooked to high temperature will be harder than sugars cooked to low temperature.
Sugar syrup cooked to 240o F forms a soft ball when cooled.
Sugar syrup cooked to 300o F is hard and brittle when cooled.

9. Simple Syrup Equal weights of sugar and water.
Heat the sugar and water to a boil, cool - simple syrup.

10. Crystallization
Graininess is a common fault in many candies and desserts.
Graininess happens when cooked sugar crystallizes.
To avoid crystallization during first stages of boiling:
Wash down the sides of the pan with brush dipped in water to remove crystals.
When first bringing the mixture to a boil, cover for a few minutes, condensed steam will wash down the sides.