1. World History Between Wars

2. POSTWAR UNCERTAINTY The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas.

3. Einstein’s Theory of Relativity Radically new ideas in physics Theory of relativity — space and time are not constant Make world seem more uncertain Freudian Psychology New ideas about the mind Claims human behavior not based on reason Revolution in Science

11. Suffering caused by World War I leads many to doubt old beliefs Thinkers React to Uncertainties Existentialism: no universal meaning to life Surrealism: art movement that links dreams with real life Jazz: music that captures new freedom Art & Literature

19. Women take on new roles during World War I right to vote freer clothing hairstyles new careers Women

20. Technology AutomobileAirplanes Lindbergh LindberghRadioMovies

21. A WORLDWIDE DEPRESSION An economic depression in the United States spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade.

22. Financial Collapse A Flawed U.S. Economy Wealth distributed unevenlyWealth distributed unevenly People too poor to buy goodsPeople too poor to buy goods Factory owners cut back on production, lay off workersFactory owners cut back on production, lay off workers Farmers produce more food than people can eat, prices fallFarmers produce more food than people can eat, prices fall Farmers cannot repay loans and lose their landFarmers cannot repay loans and lose their land The stock market crashesThe stock market crashes

23. Postwar Europe Unstable New Democracies Unstable New Democracies German Inflation German Inflation Worldwide Unemployment Worldwide Unemployment

27. FASCISM RISES IN EUROPE In response to political turmoil and economic crises, Italy and Germany turn to totalitarian dictators.

28. Fascism Rises Fascism is a new, militant political movementFascism is a new, militant political movement Emphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leaderEmphasizes nationalism and loyalty to authoritarian leader Italians want a leader who will take actionItalians want a leader who will take action Fascist leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to rescue ItalyFascist leader, Benito Mussolini, promises to rescue Italy Italian king puts Mussolini in chargeItalian king puts Mussolini in charge

30. Comparing Fascism to Communism COMMUNISMFASCISM Ruled by:DICTATOR Political PartiesONE Individual RightsDenied Societal ClassesNone -Classless society Many Aristocrats Industrialist Military Lower middle class Workers World ViewInternationalism -unite workers world- wide National issues take precedence

32. Fascism Rises Adolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s GermanyAdolf Hitler—obscure political figure in 1920s Germany Nazism—German brand of fascismNazism—German brand of fascism 1923 BEER HALL PUTSCH: Hitler tries—but FAILS—to seize power from the democratically elected, but troubled, Weimar Government MEIN KAMPF (My Struggle) : written in jail, Hitler’s book outlines his plan for a Nazi Germany

33. MEIN KAMPF 1. Superiority of German (Aryan) race; all others inferior 2. Jews were the reason for all of Germany’s problems (also Communists) 3. Treaty of Versailles must be overturned 4. Lebensraum: Germany needed “Living Space” for its people (and all lost land returned

34. MEIN KAMPF 5. FURHER Principal: One leader should have supreme power and rule (Rousseau’s “General Will”) Results: Bad economic conditions get Nazi Party elected in growing #’s 1933 Ger. President appoints Hitler Chancellor Burning of Reichstag gives Nazis majority in elections

35. 1. The 17th century was a period of great upheaval in Europe. The decline of feudalism, constant religious and territorial conflicts, and rebellions of overtaxed peasants led monarchs to seek absolute power. *What political and social crises led to the rise of fascism in the 1920s and 1930s?

36. 1. Lack of Democratic tradition: Weimar Government weak 2. Loss of population, houses, factories, farms, schools, hospitals, etc. 3. Loss of “next generation” keeps “old ideas” in power 4. Inflation 5. Trade decreases 6. Personal and Social Anxiety

37. 2. Rulers can increase their power by limiting the power of other institutions. Absolute monarchs of the 1600’s increased their power by limiting the power of the nobility, controlling the Church, creating royal bureaucracies & taking personal control of the central government. How did Fascist leaders increase their own power? How did Fascist leaders increase their own power?

38. 1. Majority control of GOV’T. 2. Allow only 1 PARTY 3. Change Laws: target Jews, newspapers, teachers, political opposition 4. Use of Terror: Assassinations, Prison camps, Threats 5. Secret Police: SS, Gestapo 6. Weakened Cath/Prot. Church 7. Propaganda: massively used

39. 3. Absolute monarchs sought to control economic affairs by giving tax benefits to expand trade and manufacturing and by creating new bureaucracies to control economic life. How did Fascist leaders take command of their countries’ economies?

40. 1. Took over labor unions and outlawed strikes 2. Almost no unemployment: public works, ramped up military, opposition = no jobs 3. Nazis closely regulated private industry 4. State control of prices, production, capital investments, trade, banking

41. 4. In an effort to control every aspect of society and the lives of citizens, absolute monarchs regulated religious worship, social gatherings, and other aspects of daily life. What steps did Fascist leaders take to control the lives of their citizens?

42. 1. Controlled education 2. Youth groups 3. Censorship 4. German women pushed into inferior position 5. Controlled assembly, speech, marriage, occupations, etc.

43. 5. Absolute monarchs believed that the divine right of kings gave them authority to rule with unlimited power. What beliefs or principles did Fascist leaders use to justify their unlimited power?

44. 1.2.3.4.5.

45. AGGRESSORS INVADE NATIONS Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other countries; the rest of the world does nothing to stop them.

50. Aggressors March Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in to aggression Britain urges appeasement, a policy of giving in to aggression Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers— form an alliance Germany, Italy, and Japan—the Axis Powers— form an alliance United States Follows an Isolationist Policy United States Follows an Isolationist Policy Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries Isolationism—avoidance of political ties with other countries In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts In 1935, Congress passes Neutrality Acts

51. Preserve Peace? Britain and France again choose Appeasement, let Hitler take Sudetenland Britain and France again choose Appeasement, let Hitler take Sudetenland But in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of CzechoslovakiaBut in 1939, Hitler still takes rest of Czechoslovakia Mussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of PolandMussolini takes Albania; Hitler demands part of Poland Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression PactNazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact In 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack one anotherIn 1939, Stalin and Hitler pledge never to attack one another