1. ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2. The Founding Members European Coal and Steel Community
Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950
Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris
France, W. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Italy
Went on to sign Treaties of Rome
ECSC
EURATOM
EEC

4. UK changed policy on joining on EC
Came to be known as EC
EFTA (Outer seven): Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom
UK changed policy on joining on EC
Issued for accession in 1961
“Non” to the UK accession by French President de Gaulle (1963 and 1967)
Due to fear of US influence

5. 1973 - First Enlargement Accession of UK, Denmark, Ireland, Norway UK
French President de Gaulle no longer in office so UK no longer has barriers for entry
Colonies – the question of Gibraltar
Norway
Question put to referendum – rejected
Still adopts policies – Schengen, Europol etc
Contributes to budget, member of EEA

7. 1981 and 1986 Mediterranean Enlargements
Democracy returns to Greece, Spain and Portugal
Greece joins in 1981
Spain and Portugal in 1986
1985 – Greenland leaves the EC
1987 – Turkey and Morocco apply
Morocco not seen as European
Turkey’s accepted, only received candidate status in 2000, negotiations started in 2004

8. 1981 and 1986 Mediterranean Enlargements
With the accession of the countries in 1981 and 1986:
Population increased by 10%
The area of the EU members increased by 20%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.8%
But the GDP per capita fell by 3.42%

10. Fourth Enlargement - EU-15
Prior to enlargement of 1995, East+West Germany reunified in 1990
East Germany part of EC, under “Germany”
EC becomes EU in Maastricht
Accession of Austria, Finland, Sweden
Copenhagen criteria established due to candidacy of numerous post-communist countries
Democracy / free market / adoption of EU Law

11. Fourth Enlargement - EU-15
With the accession of the countries in 1995:
Population increased by 6%
The area of the EU members increased by 35%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.5%
For the first and only time in any enlargement of the EC/EU, the GDP per capita increased, by 0.20%

13. 2004: The Big Bang
In 2004, 10 Eastern, mostly post communist, countries joined the EU
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Luthuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Less developed states were fear of Western, more developed members
Restrictions of certain members on travel/working rights of eastern people in their countries
Denmark, Finland, Austria

14. The Fifth Enlargement With the accession of the countries in 2004:
Population increased by 20%, largest single expansion in terms of number of people
The area of the EU members increased by 18%, largest single increase in terms of km2
The total GDP of the member states increased only by 8.8%
It was the largest fall of GDP per capita in any enlargement. The accession of the less developed Eastern countries caused a 9% fall in GDP per capita

16. Sixth Enlargement - 2007 The accession of Bulgaria and Romania
Were supposed to join in 2004
Romania
Government and judiciary reforms not completed
Bulgaria
More efforts needed in fight against corruption, human trafficking and reforming judicial sector

17. Sixth Enlargement - 2007 With the accession of the countries in 2007:
Population increased by 6.5%
The area of the EU members increased by 8.5%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 2%
GDP per capita fell by 4%
Eastern enlargement of ended the conventional view “Europe ended where the Iron Curtain divided it”

19. 2013: Croatia
After Slovenia, Croatia is the second country from ex-Yugoslavia to join the EU.
The European perspective remains open to the entire Western Balkans region.

20. Future Enlargement of the EU
Western Balkans, Turkey and Iceland
Two concepts after the Eastern enlargement:
‘absorption capacity’
‘enlargement fatigue’

22. 2009-04-01 (SAA) 2009-04-28 2014-06-24 – Signed (SAA) 1994-01-01 (EEA)
State
Status
Association Agreement
Membership Application
Candidate status
Negotiations start
Screening completed
Acquis Chapters open/closed
Albania
Candidate
(SAA) –
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Potential candidate
Signed (SAA)
Iceland
Negotiations suspended
(EEA)
27/11
Kosovo
Initialled (SAA)
Macedonia
(SAA)
Montenegro
Negotiating
(SAA)
12/2
Serbia
(SAA)
(Started)
Turkey
(AA)
14/1

24. According to the 2014 Strategy Paper:
Why Enlargement?
According to the 2014 Strategy Paper:
makes Europe a safer place
helps improve the quality of people’s lives
makes EU more prosperous
three pillars:
rule of law
economic governance
public administration reform.

25. Steps towards joining
When a country is ready it becomes an official candidate for membership
The candidate moves on to formal membership negotiations following unanimous decision by the EU Council
When the negotiations and accompanying reforms have been completed to the satisfaction of both sides, the country can join the EU

26. Steps towards joining
The conditions and timing of the candidate's adoption, implementation and enforcement of all current EU rules (the "acquis communautaire").
35 chapters negotiated separately
financial arrangements 
transitional arrangements

27. Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 1: Free movement of goods Chapter 2: Freedom of movement for workers Chapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide services Chapter 4: Free movement of capital Chapter 5: Public procurement Chapter 6: Company law Chapter 7: Intellectual property law Chapter 8: Competition policy Chapter 9: Financial services Chapter 10: Information society and media Chapter 11: Agriculture and rural development Chapter 12: Food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy Chapter 13: Fisheries

28. Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 14: Transport policy Chapter 15: Energy Chapter 16: Taxation Chapter 17: Economic and monetary policy Chapter 18: Statistics Chapter 19: Social policy and employment Chapter 20: Enterprise and industrial policy Chapter 21: Trans-European networks Chapter 22: Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments Chapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rights Chapter 24: Justice, freedom and security Chapter 25: Science and research Chapter 26: Education and culture

29. Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 27: Environment Chapter 28: Consumer and health protection Chapter 29: Customs union Chapter 30: External relations Chapter 31: Foreign, security and defence policy Chapter 32: Financial control Chapter 33: Financial and budgetary provisions Chapter 34 - Institutions Chapter 35 - Other issues

30. Screening
Commission carries out a detailed examination, together with the candidate country, of each chapter.
The findings by chapter are presented by the Commission to the Member States in the form of a screening report.
open negotiations directly or require that certain conditions – opening benchmarks - should first be met

31. Negotiating positions
before negotiations can start, the candidate country must submit its position and the EU must adopt a common position
EU sets closing benchmarks in chapters which need to be met by the Candidate Country before negotiations in the policy field concerned can be closed.
If criteria fulfilled, chapter “provisionally closed”

32. Concluding the negotiations
Closing the chapters
No negotiations on any individual chapter are closed until every EU government is satisfied with the candidate's progress in that policy field
whole negotiation process is only concluded definitively once every chapter has been closed.

33. Accession treaty
the document that cements the country's membership of the EU
To be binding, it has to;
win the support of the EU Council, the Commission, and the European Parliament
be signed by the candidate country and representatives of all existing EU countries
be ratified by the candidate country and every individual EU country, according to their constitutional rules (parliamentary vote, referendum, etc.).

34. Enlargement to the Western Balkans

35. Importance of Western Balkans Enlargement
Security: disputes on territories, sovereignty and ethnic minorities still persist in the region
Credibility of the EU as an international actor
“use the power of its enlargement process to transform the Western Balkans, opening a new chapter after a shameful decade of failure in the region”

36. Integration Process
Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) policy framework in 1999
Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAA) with Croatia, Macedonia (2000), Albania (2003), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia (2005), Kosovo (2013)
Thessaloniki Summit (2003): a clear membership perspective granted to the Western Balkans, subject to fulfilment of the conditions determined by the SAP and the Copenhagen criteria

37. Progress so far
Croatia met all conditions and become a member of the EU on 1 July 2013.
Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia recognised as candidate countries, where the formal accession negotiations started with Montenegro in June 2012 and with Serbia in January 2014.
Albania applied for EU membership in 2009, and in October 2012 the European Commission recommended that Council should grant Albania candidate status. Granted candidate status in June 2014
Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo has not applied for membership yet, but the EU recognises these countries as potential candidates.

38. Financial Assistance Instruments for the Western Balkans
PHARE, ECHO (1990)
Obnova (1996)
CARDS (2000)
IPA (2007)
IPA II (2014)

39. PHARE, ECHO, Obnova
Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring their Economies (PHARE) programme (1990)
initially targeting assistance to Poland and Hungary,
expanded to the pre-accession assistance of the 2004 and 2007 entrant countries and three countries from the Western Balkans, Albania, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina

40. PHARE, ECHO, Obnova
European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) (1990)
included support to refugees, internally displaced persons and vulnerable groups and aimed at restoring livelihood conditions and fostering post-war infrastructure reconstruction.
Obnova (reconstruction) (1996)
In the 1990s, around €4.4 billion was allocated to the projects aiming at the physical, social and political reconstruction of the Western Balkans.

41. CARDS (2000)
PHARE, ECHO and Obnova were limited to post-conflict reconstruction of the region.
Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) programme
“building up an institutional, legislative, economic and social framework directed at the values and models subscribed to by the EU”

42. CARDS (2000)
Financial assistance (€4.6 billion in total) concentrated at a wide range of issues
integrated border management,
public administration reform,
taxation,
local infrastructure development,
civil society development,
media reform,
strengthened environment policies and
economic reforms.

43. CARDS Programme allocation for 2002–2006 (EUR million)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Albania
44.9
46.5
63.5
44.2
45.5
Bosnia-Herzegovina
71.9 63 72
49.4 51
Croatia 59 62 81
105
140
Macedonia
41.5
43.5 45 40
Serbia
189.7
240
218
154.5
179
Montenegro 15 19 22
24.5
Kosovo
154.9
76.28
75.4 54
89.5
Source: European Commission, DG Enlargement. Financial statistics per country

44. IPA (2007) Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) programme
Replaced all previous instruments for both official candidate (Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey, and Iceland) and potential candidate countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo)
Aims at providing assistance to these countries in harmonization and implementation of the EU acquis and preparation for use of the cohesion and structural funds after EU accession.

45. COMPONENTS OF IPA
Component I: “Assistance for transition and institution-building”
Component II: “Cross-border cooperation”
Component III: “Regional development”
Component IV: “Human resources development”
Component V: “Rural development”

46. Allocation of IPA Funds
allocation of the IPA funds for each component and beneficiary country was defined in the Multiannual Indicative Financial Framework (MIFF), which reflects the priorities identified by the Enlargement Strategy of the European Commission
First MIFF:
Second MIFF:

47. Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1)
Country
Component
2007
2008
2009
2010
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
256.7
256.1
239.6
231.3
Cross-border Cooperation
2.1
2.8
3.1
5.1
Regional Development
167.5
173.8
182.7
238.1
Human Resources Development
50.2
52.9
55.6
63.4
Rural Development
20.7 53
85.5
131.3
Total
497.2
538.7
566.4
653.7
CROATIA
49.6
45.4
45.6
39.5
9.7
14.7
15.9
15.6
45.1
47.6
49.7
56.2
11.4
12.7
14.2
15.7
25.5
25.6
25.8 26
141.2
146
151.2
153.6
MACEDONIA
41.6
41.1
39.3
36.9
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.5
7.4
12.3
20.8
29.4
3.2 6
7.1
8.4
6.7
10.2
12.5
58.5
70.2
81.8
91.7

48. Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 1)
SERBIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
181.5
179.4
182.6
186.2
Cross-border Cooperation
8.2
11.5
12.2
11.8
Total
189.7
190.9
194.8
198
MONTENEGRO
27.5
28.1
29.8
3.9
4.5
4.7
3.7
31.4
32.6
34.5
33.5
KOSOVO
68.3
184.7
106.1
66.1
1.2
67.3
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
58.1
69.9
83.9
100.7 4
4.9
5.2
62.1
74.8
89.1
105.4
ALBANIA
54.3
65.2
71.4
84.2
6.7
8.6
9.8 10 61
73.8
81.2
94.2
Total Country Programmes
1109.4
1311.7
1305.1
1397.3
Multi-Beneficiary Programmes
29.6
137.7
188.9
141.7
Support Expenditure
44.8 52
47.6
47.4
GRAND TOTAL
1263.2
1501.4
1541.6
1591.3

49. Breakdown of the IPA Assistance (MIFF 2)
Country
Component
2011
2012
2013
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
231.3
227.5
238.5
Cross-border Cooperation
5.1
2.2
Regional Development
293.4
356.1
366.9
Human Resources Development
77.6
83.2
91.2
Rural Development
172.5
187.4
204.2
Total
779.9
856.3
902.9
CROATIA 40
17.4
15.9
16.4
9.7
58.2
57.5
30.1 16
8.5
26.5
25.8
27.7
156.5
155.6
93.5
MACEDONIA
29.4
28.7
27.1
4.5
3.6
39.3
40.9
50.3
8.8
10.3
10.6 18
20.2 98
101.5
113.2
SERBIA
190.6
196.7
11.3
11.5
11.6
201.9
202.1
208.3
MONTENEGRO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
29.8
16.3
5.1
Cross-border Cooperation
4.3
4.6
4.7
Regional Development 8
14.8
Human Resources Development
2.8
Rural Development
3.3
7.3
Total
34.2 35
34.6
KOSOVO
66.9 67
68.5
1.8 3
68.7
68.8
71.5
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
102.7
103.5
5.2
5.3
107.4
107.9
108.8
ALBANIA
84.3
85.1
84.7
10.1
9.4
10.7
94.4
94.6
95.3
Total Country Programmes
1553
1633.7
1634.1
Multi-Beneficiary Programmes
193.2
212.7
177.3
Support Expenditure
52.2
52.7
53.3
GRAND TOTAL
1798.4
1899.1
1864.6

50. IPA Allocations to the Western Balkans

51. Per capita IPA Allocations to the Western Balkans and Turkey

52. From IPA to IPA II:
IPA II: “more closely linked to the enlargement priorities, and based on a more results-oriented and strategic approach targeting key reforms in the enlargement countries”
access to all areas of the IPA II for all countries, regardless their official candidate status;
Easy management of financial assistance with fewer processes for accreditation and conferral of management to beneficiaries.
Generalisation of a sector approach with the increased use of sectoral budget support

53. IPA II Budget (provisional allocation) (EUR millions)
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
1573.8
1605.2
1637.4
1670.1
1703.5
1737.6
1771.1