1. BY: JANET BOTHA H/N HHCS TABUK

2.  Encourage all health care workers to avoid urinary catheterization unless clinically indicated  Ensure the benefits outweigh the disadvantages and INFORMED consent is obtained  Encourage health education to avoid complications

3. - CONSIDERATIONS AND CLINICAL INDICATIONS - RISK ASSESSMENT - EDUCATION AND CONSENT - CATHETER CARE AND PREVENTION OF INFECTION - OBSERVATION - DOCUMENTATION

4.  Must benefit the patient NOT for the convenience of the caregiver  Complications  Informed consent  Patient cognitive status and agitated patient  Time frame of catheterization

5.  Acute urinary retention  Bladder irrigation or instillation of medication  Monitoring renal function during critical illness  For a variety of reasons pre-and post operatively  Pressure Ulcers – delayed healing

7.  Allergy  Infection  Trauma  Recent UT surgery  Medication  Obstruction  Pain, discomfort and emotional wellbeing  Diabetes or Chemotherapy  Patient with only one functional kidney or CKD

8.  UTI  Serious complications: - pyelonephrites, bacteremia, bladder cancer  Chronic obstruction due to urinary calculi and in male patients, epididymites  Drug resistance due to chronic use of anti- biotics  Urethral necrosis or pressure ulcers

9.  Verbal, written and demonstrative education on total care, regardless of type of catheterization  Informed consent  Risks involved – advantages, disadvantages, complications, and expected timeframe

10.  Total care  Infection prevention  Obtaining of materials  Care and storage  ID any possible problems –S&S  Where and when to get help by giving contact numbers

11.  No risk of urethral trauma or necrosis  Greater comfort  Patient can remain sexually active  Micturition still possible

13. -Insertion can be done under general or local anesthesia. -A small incision or puncture is made above the pubis and the catheter is inserted. -It could be temporarily or permanent – needs to be changed at 6-12 week intervals.

15.  Reduced infection rate compare to indwelling catheters  Good cognitive ability  Self motivated  Less restriction to movement  Socially more accepted  No visible devices to carry

16. - Patient is educated : - Verbal and by demonstration - Correct aseptic technique - Cleansing and storage if the catheter is not disposable - to perform this procedure at 4 hourly intervals - Where to obtain the supplies

18. LONG AND SHORT TERM  Possibility of urethral trauma  Increased risk of infection  Patient needs to carry collection bag  Can impede on emotional wellbeing  Can aid in pressure ulcer healing

19.  Use STERILE materials for insertion - Sterile catheter – correct size - Sterile catheter tray - Sterile urine collection bag - Use aseptic technique for inserting catheter  Hand wash  Gown and gloves  Collection bag must be positioned lower than the patient bladder

20. o Hand washing before and after o Aseptic technique with sterile material when inserting a catheter o Change/removal of catheter at given date o Changing collection bag every 3 days o Good personal hygiene o Adopting closed method of urinary drainage

22.  Maintaining an aseptic technique when bladder irrigation, medication instillation or collecting of a urine sample is done  Ensuring unobstructed urine flow  Emptying collection bag when it is 1/3 full  Correct positioning of urine collection bag  Traction free urinary catheter  Meatal care  Adequate fluid intake

25.  Patient health status  Affectivity of antibiotics used  Allergy and tolerance of urinary catheter  Renal status  Ensure that urine flows from catheter into collection bag

26.  Urine bypassing the catheter  Trauma  Heamaturia, bleeding of the meatus  Erosion, swelling, discharge  Color, odor and volume of urine

28. Physicians Order Indication, type, and brand of catheter Informed consent Cognitive state of patient Date inserted, removal/change Problems during insertion Procedures: specimen, irrigation, medication Fixation Volume, color, and odor Education

30.  INDICATION  ADVANTAGES  CONSIDERATIONS  COMPLICATIONS  RISK REDUCTION  MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION  EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT  DOCUMENTATION

31.  INDICATIONS Blockage in the esophagus Problems swallowing Tube feedings are given when oral intake is inadequate or not possible and the GI tract is functioning normally. (This procedure is a short term solution to ensure complete nutrition and hydration)

33. To preserve GI integrity by delivery of nutrients, fluids and medications To preserve the normal sequence of intestinal and hepatic metabolism To maintain fat metabolism and lipoprotein synthesis To maintain normal insulin/glucagon rations To maintain normal hydration

34.  Patient nutritional and hydration status  Is the digestive tract and kidneys functioning  Patient dietary and fluid needs (30-40ml/kg body mass)  Metabolic disorders  Medication in use

35.  Informed consent  Responsible caregiver  Cognitive status of patient – restraint  Age and duration  Patient environment

36.  NUTRIENTS INCLUDES: - Protein - Fat Carbohydrates - Vitamins - Minerals - Fiber

38.  Aspiration Pneumonia  Accidental dislodging of feeding tube  Difficulty in inserting the tube – epistaxis  Herniation of esophageal varices  Regurgitation and aspiration  nausea

39.  Pressure ulcer formation  Constipation or diarrhea  Dehydration or over-hydration  Difficulty in cleaning the nasal cavity  Pain and discomfort  Hyperglycemia

40.  Use correct size tube  Measure - tip of nose to earlobe and from earlobe to xiphi sternum and mark the tube  Ensure the nasal cavity is clean  Position the patient  Lubricate the tube  Insert and check position  Fix to nose or convenient area

43.  ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA - Checking NGT is in correct position before any fluid is given - Correct placement of feed - Proper positioning of patient - (semi-fowlers with head elevated at least 30-45 degrees) - Maintaining this position for at least one hour after the feed - Monitor residual volumes before every feed - If aspiration is suspected, stop feed immediately and suction patient in R lateral position

44.  DEHYDRATION - Monitor hydration carefully ( patient can in most situation not verbalize thirst) - Water should be given between feeds - Checking of mucous membranes, decreased urine output - Monitor intake and output

46.  BLOCKING OF TUBE - Tube must be flushed with warm water after every feed - Medication must be crushed into powder form and dissolved in warm water and tube flushed thereafter - Water to be given between feeds - Change tube

47.  Use medication in liquid form where possible  Ensure whether medication should be given before or after meals  Simple compressed tablets – crush and dissolve in water  Buccal or sublingual tablets must be given as prescribed  Soft gelatin capsules filled with liquid – cut opening and squeeze out contents

49.  Enteric-coated tablets – do not crush, change in form is required  Timed-release tablets – do not crush, check with pharmacist for alternative  Timed-release capsules or sustained-release capsules – some can be opened and contents added to water – but only after pharmacist was consulted  NEVER mix medication with feed

50. All members of the clinical team is responsible to decide if a NGT is appropriate for the patient – Physician, Nurse, Dietician, Pharmacist, Speech Therapist. Education given to the caregiver must be complete and be done verbally and by demonstration to ensure the caregiver is comfortable with the patient and the feeding regime, and know to check if NGT is intact. All members of the clinical team is responsible to decide if a NGT is appropriate for the patient – Physician, Nurse, Dietician, Pharmacist, Speech Therapist. Education given to the caregiver must be complete and be done verbally and by demonstration to ensure the caregiver is comfortable with the patient and the feeding regime, and know to check if NGT is intact.

52. o Patient must be referred to dietician o Feed formula will be calculated according to blood works, weight, and nutritional needs o Possible restraint o NGT placement and attachment to be checked before any fluid is given o Check pH from aspirate – pH5 or less

54. o Medication should be checked with pharmacist to ensure it is appropriate for NGT patient o If NGT should be re-inserted after third time, PEG-tube insertion should be considered and discussed with the family o Before initial insertion, patient should be weighed and thereafter on a weekly basis

55. o Swallowing assessments should be undertaken by qualified staff o If the NGT is to be discontinued, wean the patient and the family must be educated accordingly o Oral hygiene- at least 4x per day o Good hygiene – environment, handling and administering feed

56. o Hygiene of nasal cavity o NGT should be placed in alternative nostril when changed o If NGT is dislodged, no feed should be given until corrected o Check for pressure ulcer o If NGT is to be removed, patient must be monitored and weighed weekly o Accurate documentation

57. Physicians order Informed consent from family Patient’s initial weight and weekly weight Prescribed feeding formula, volume, frequency and strength Date and time of insertion and date due for change/removal Size of NGT and fixation method Education and demonstration Problems during insertion