1. Pre-task Planning and Attention to Meaning: Debilitating or Facilitative? Lourdes Ortega University of Hawai‘i 1 st TBLT Conference, Leuven September 21-23, 2005

2. L2 pre-task planning Clear findings: Complexity Complexity Fluency Fluency Mixed findings: Accuracy?? Accuracy?? Planned discourse is more accurate only in some studies (e.g., Ellis & Yuan, 2005) but not others (Elder & Iwashita, 2005), and with some measures but not others

3. What are the benefits? “… extrapolating from performance to acquisition ”… (Ellis, 2005, p. 17)

4. “ extrapolating from performance to acquisition ”: P: Improved retrieval and rehearsal operations during pre-task planning  P: Improved retrieval and rehearsal operations during pre-task planning  A: Automatization & proceduralization fostered in the long run A: Automatization & proceduralization fostered in the long run

5. “ extrapolating from performance to acquisition ”: P: Heightened strategic attention to form during pre-task planning  P: Heightened strategic attention to form during pre-task planning  A: More instance and rule learning opportunities from noticing and hypothesis testing, and from increased attention to specific grammatical forms A: More instance and rule learning opportunities from noticing and hypothesis testing, and from increased attention to specific grammatical forms

6. “ extrapolating from performance to acquisition ”: P: Syntactic processing during planned production (controlled but speeded up processing, pushed output)  P: Syntactic processing during planned production (controlled but speeded up processing, pushed output)  A: More on-line noticing and hypothesis testing, more monitoring, improved cue- strengthening and reorganization of form- function mappings A: More on-line noticing and hypothesis testing, more monitoring, improved cue- strengthening and reorganization of form- function mappings

7. Two contrasting SLA positions: Meaning-first is a debilitating force in L2 learning (information processing theories) Meaning-first is a debilitating force in L2 learning (information processing theories) Meaning-making is a catalyst for L2 learning (connectionist-emergentist functional theories) Meaning-making is a catalyst for L2 learning (connectionist-emergentist functional theories)

8. Skehan’s (1998, 2002) TBLL model: Limited capacity model of attention: form- meaning competition Limited capacity model of attention: form- meaning competition L2 development occurs through automatization/proceduralization L2 development occurs through automatization/proceduralization The meaning-first “threat”: learners’ inclination for ad hoc solutions The meaning-first “threat”: learners’ inclination for ad hoc solutions Task manipulation needed for balancing tasks’ cognitive complexity, communicative demands, and focus on accuracy Task manipulation needed for balancing tasks’ cognitive complexity, communicative demands, and focus on accuracy

9. Robinson’s (2001) TBLL model: Multiple-resource model of attention: successful time-shared allocation of cognitive resources is possible Multiple-resource model of attention: successful time-shared allocation of cognitive resources is possible L2 development proceeds via form/function mapping, cue strengthening, chunking, bootstrapping during performance L2 development proceeds via form/function mapping, cue strengthening, chunking, bootstrapping during performance Increased cognitive complexity of tasks leads to deeper processing and more attention being directed to input and output Increased cognitive complexity of tasks leads to deeper processing and more attention being directed to input and output

10. Today’s data: Post-task interviews with 44 Spanish FL learners in Ortega (1995), (1999), and (2005) 1995 study (n=14, 12 interviewed) 1999 study (n=32, all interviewed) Proficiency levelLow-intermediate: MLU = 3.20 (SD=0.89) Advanced: MLU=7.92 (SD=2.07) Planning condition8 minutes, general planning, L1 story plus pictures 10 minutes, general planning, L1 story plus pictures DesignRepeated-measures, Planned then Unplanned, post-task interviews, peer listener Repeated-measures, counterbalanced, post- task interviews, peer listener Linguistic outcomesMore fluent and more syntactically and lexically complex narratives with planning, no accuracy differences More fluent and syntactically complex narratives with planning, no lexical differences, planned narratives more accurate for 1 of 2 measures

11. Reported benefits of planning: Having extra time & writing notes helped to: Organize thoughts Organize thoughts Formulate thoughts Formulate thoughts Help lexical retrieval Help lexical retrieval Practice/rehearse Practice/rehearse Improve content & lexical choice Improve content & lexical choice But writing notes also facilitated a focus on form: Help grammatical retrieval Help grammatical retrieval Help monitor grammar Help monitor grammar

12. Grammatical retrieval: I was able to figure out which conjugations I could use [99002] I could see where I was supposed to put articles and that stuff [99006] When I was writing it’s like I remembered the subjuntivo, so I used it [99015]

13. Monitoring strategies: Total sample (n=44) Monitoring Strategy typesRawPercent 1. Production monitoring3375% 2. Monitoring impact on listener1943% 3. Auditory monitoring1023% 4. Visual monitoring716% 5. Cross-language monitoring49% 6. Style monitoring511% 7. Double-check monitoring24%

14. Orientation to listener’s needs: Sensitivity to peer’s needs led speakers to prioritize meaning: Structured organization of content Structured organization of content Keeping language/vocabulary simple Keeping language/vocabulary simple Keep going (reluctance to stop and self-correct) Keep going (reluctance to stop and self-correct) Slowing down to buy time for listener Slowing down to buy time for listener But the presence of a listener also facilitated a focus on form: Attention to grammar that is essential for listener’s understanding Attention to grammar that is essential for listener’s understanding

15. Meaning-essential grammar: ‘Cause there were two of them [two people in the story], so I had to make it in the ellos {they} form, I don’t know. [...]...’Cause I think that that would have helped her, cause she would know how many people were there in the picture and stuff. [95012] [in the third story, planned] I didn't care anymore about making mistakes, but then not like mistakes where you use the wrong verb tense or the totally wrong word and you throw the person off. [99009]

16. A tension between attention to meaning & form? Not really… True, many learners prioritized getting the message across to the listener over being accurate, fluent, or complex, and… True, many learners prioritized getting the message across to the listener over being accurate, fluent, or complex, and… …this listener orientation may have deterred learners from engaging in propositional, lexical, and/or syntactic complexity and it may have made some speakers avoid self-corrections during online performance and pressured them to prioritize fluency over accuracy… …this listener orientation may have deterred learners from engaging in propositional, lexical, and/or syntactic complexity and it may have made some speakers avoid self-corrections during online performance and pressured them to prioritize fluency over accuracy… At the same time, it also led to a heightened process of meaning-form mapping, by priming many learners to attend to certain aspects of grammar that were perceived as essential for the listener’s understanding At the same time, it also led to a heightened process of meaning-form mapping, by priming many learners to attend to certain aspects of grammar that were perceived as essential for the listener’s understanding

17. Furthermore… Many learners exploited different funds of explicit knowledge to guide their strategic behavior during planning… Many learners exploited different funds of explicit knowledge to guide their strategic behavior during planning… … and they also paid attention to formal aspects of the language of low communicative value … and they also paid attention to formal aspects of the language of low communicative value

18. Attention to form drawing from explicit grammar knowledge: Like if the verb was invitar I’d go, -o -as -a... invita [I: So you would actually go through the verbs?] Yeah. I do that all the time. And I want to make sure that I got at least the right person.” [95011] Like that personal a thing {rule for prepositional marking of human direct object} and, you know, the possessive adjectives and, the verb tenses, saying them right, and gender agreement, things like that. And like ser and estar, when to use those... Yeah, I was thinking of that as well as trying to say it. [95006]

19. Attention to grammar of low communicative value: Reflexive verbs: The grammar and stuff too, I don’t know how to put it, like se preocupa mucho {s/he worries a lot}? it worries, I know it’s supposed to mean it worries them so I guess it is le preocupa {he worries}, but I get that confused a lot, like even if I wanted to say the boys hit the ball, would it be se pegan {they hit each other} or would it just be pegan {they hit} [99003] Reflexive verbs: The grammar and stuff too, I don’t know how to put it, like se preocupa mucho {s/he worries a lot}? it worries, I know it’s supposed to mean it worries them so I guess it is le preocupa {he worries}, but I get that confused a lot, like even if I wanted to say the boys hit the ball, would it be se pegan {they hit each other} or would it just be pegan {they hit} [99003] Articles: [I: What did you do during the preparation time?] I wrote all the story [laughs] cause then I can see like where I was supposed to put articles and that stuff so if I can see it then it’s a little easier for me, so that was better [99006] Articles: [I: What did you do during the preparation time?] I wrote all the story [laughs] cause then I can see like where I was supposed to put articles and that stuff so if I can see it then it’s a little easier for me, so that was better [99006] Subjunctive: When I said "están contentos que hayan..." I remembered that you have to use subjuntivo for some kind of opinion or emotion [I: Did you remember that when you were writing?] Right, yeah, when I was writing it's like I remembered it, so I used it. [99015] Subjunctive: When I said "están contentos que hayan..." I remembered that you have to use subjuntivo for some kind of opinion or emotion [I: Did you remember that when you were writing?] Right, yeah, when I was writing it's like I remembered it, so I used it. [99015]

20. What to make of these findings? The interviews findings challenge a dichotomy between “attention to form” versus “attention to meaning”… The interviews findings challenge a dichotomy between “attention to form” versus “attention to meaning”… …during meaningful second language production (and when preparing for it) learners engaged in solving form-in- meaning problems …during meaningful second language production (and when preparing for it) learners engaged in solving form-in- meaning problems

21. In spite of holding a meaning-oriented interpretation of the task (or perhaps more precisely because of it), learners paid attention to form during planning without any specific instructions to do so In spite of holding a meaning-oriented interpretation of the task (or perhaps more precisely because of it), learners paid attention to form during planning without any specific instructions to do so

22. Two articulated positions in TBLL Focus on FormS (Skehan, VanPatten): Focus on FormS (Skehan, VanPatten): Debilitating attention to meaning Focus on Form (Long, Robinson, Doughty): Focus on Form (Long, Robinson, Doughty): Facilitative attention to form-in-meaning

23. Are they incommensurate? The two positions may be closer than we typically recognize: VanPatten’s (2002) Input Processing Instruction is crucially based on the assumption that learners will best learn a new form when they are forced to pay attention to certain formal properties while processing it meaningfully… The two positions may be closer than we typically recognize: VanPatten’s (2002) Input Processing Instruction is crucially based on the assumption that learners will best learn a new form when they are forced to pay attention to certain formal properties while processing it meaningfully… …May we all be talking, at some basic level, about the same form-in-meaning qualities of optimal language processing and language learning? …May we all be talking, at some basic level, about the same form-in-meaning qualities of optimal language processing and language learning?

24. Conclusion How well can our ‘form’ and ‘meaning’ metaphors serve us in furthering task- based language learning research? How well can our ‘form’ and ‘meaning’ metaphors serve us in furthering task- based language learning research? Moving beyond metaphors and into psycholinguistically and sociocognitively plausible constructs is necessary Moving beyond metaphors and into psycholinguistically and sociocognitively plausible constructs is necessary Mixed-methods research where data are triangulated can yield findings that help us expand our TBLL/TBLT research programs Mixed-methods research where data are triangulated can yield findings that help us expand our TBLL/TBLT research programs