1. SUSTAINABILITY AND FREIGHT TRANSPORT
COST 355 (WATCH) WORKING GROUP 1
Christophe Rizet

2. Defining our objectives
Freight and sustainability is large : Our proposal for this WG is to focus on global environment : energy consumption and GHG emissions.
INRETS input in this WG (Supply chain)
We should keep in mind the possible convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs.
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

3. Convergences and synergies with WATCH other WGs
General objective of Watch : analysis of changes in behaviour for a better sustainability of transport
WG1 : freight, energy & GHG
WG2 : car ownership and car use
WG3 : National transport surveys (travellers)
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4. Why energy consumption (& GHG) : World CO2 emission by sector
Source : IEA
Kyoto objective for EU : - 8% (2010/1990)
Next objective (IPCC) North : 75% (2050/1990)
Transport & Energy the big problems
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GDP and Transport Growth : no decoupling in Europe (EU 15 ; source « EEA Signals 2004 »)
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Transport Emission of Air pollutants : mainly GHG (EEA 31 ; source : EEA Signals 2004)
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7. GHG Emissions in Europe : Kyoto objectives & 2001 situation
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8. Reduction of GHG Emissions & the economy
What could be done to reduce significantly energy consumption in the transport sector without stopping the economy ?
Shippers
Carriers
Public authorities
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9. Freight, energy & GHG : disaggregated observation
1 Vehicles
2 Shipment (transport chains)
3 Shippers
4 Supply chain
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1 The vehicle approach
Necessary for any disaggregated approach
European projects : MEET, ARTEMIS
Simple model doesn’t exist for modes such as rail & waterways
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Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from MEET Hickman 1997)
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Vehicle Consumption as a function of its total weight (from Roumegoux 1995)
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COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

13. 2) Shipment & transport Chain
Per shipment, 2 new problems arise
Assign part of the vehicle consumption to the shipment
Trace the shipment along the transport chain (more than half the shipments use complex chains, with several vehicles)
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COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

14. 2) Energy efficiency per shipment : goe/tkm is very scattered
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15. 2) Per shipment distances : on the network or straight line
Consumption related to distance
- covered on the network (goe/tkm)
- Straight Line (goe/tkmSL).
Differences come from
- The networks
- The places of transshipment.
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

16. 3) Shippers logistical choices grouping shipments
Les consommations unitaires, en Gep/tkmVO par chaîne de transport, sont plus importantes
- pour les envois groupés (50 gep/tkm)
- que pour les non groupés (35)
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3) Shippers choices : weight and distance in the global grouping effect
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18. 3) Shippers : Just In Time & energy consumption
Is Energy efficiency (Goe/tkm) decreasing when delivery time increases ?
(NB : small sample, large confidence intervals)
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19. 3) Shipper approach : INRETS survey
A first shipper survey in 1988
The new shipper survey ( ) designed to grasp energy consumption
With the objective of modelling freight demand and energy consumption according to the shippers logistical choices.
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting

20. 4) Energy consumption : the supply chain approach
Our input in this WG
INRETS, UoW & CERTH
With a cooperation from companies
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21. INRETS Supply chain : objective
Analyse the influence of the supply chain organisation
type of retailers : Hypermarket or small shop
origin of the sourcing
Chain organisation : number and localisation of the warehouses, logistical tools, ..)
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Supply chain : method
Starting from the retailers
2 products are traced
Yogurt : flux tendus et chaîne du froid
Textile : sourcing from Asia, magreb,…
2 agglomerations in France (Paris & Aix) plus
Greece for yogurt (CERTH) & UK for textile (UoW)
We estimate energy consumption at each step with the operators
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Supply chain yogurt
Estimating energy consumption (and GHG emission) per kg of yogurt all along the supply chain
Comparing these energy consumption per yogurt kg according to the characteristics of the supply chain
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24. Yogurt Supply chain : the 9 steps of energy consumption
4 Yoplait Warehouse
4 Yoplait yogurt factory
Farm Milk
1 tank truck
3 reefer truck
5 reefer truck
Consumer home
6 Retailer Warehouse
8 Retail shop
9 Person. car
7 reefer truck
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Map : V. Guilbault
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Map : V. Guilbault
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27. Steps 1 (collecting milk from the farms) & 2 (yogurt factory)
Energy consumed in these steps have been estimated with one single company.
For collecting milk : total consumption of the fleet / tonage = 3.5 l. /t. of milk.
More milk is needed and bought with higher energy consumption :9.1 l. / t.
On average : 6 goe/ kg of yogurt
For producing yogurt : 74 goe /kg
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28. Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 3, 5 & 7 : road transport
Haulage Energy consumption / 100 km = f (total vehicle weight)
Total weight = empty weight + load
Count for empty distance
Reefer energy consumption = f (time)
Energy consumption /kg yogurt = Total consumption per travel / net weight
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29. Yogurt Supply chain : Steps 4 & 6 : Warehousing
Determine the products ‘ equivalent to yogurt’ & their surface S in the warehouse
Estimate with the Warehouse manager
Energy cons. of this surface / year (Es)
tonage on this surface / year (Ts)
Warehouse energy / yogurt kg = Es / Ts
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30. Yogurt Supply chain : Step 8 : retail shops
Energy for the yogurt surface in the shop
general energy /m2 of surface
+ reefer for yogurt coolers (display units)
Retail energy /kg yogurt = Total ‘yogurt place energy’ / net yogurt weight sold
An important step for energy
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31. Yogurt Supply chain : Step 9 : customer travel
The main objective is to differentiate the shop types ; many problems arise
Temporarily our method is :
Only car travels are counted, only 1 way
Average distance & average purchase weight (basket) are estimated with the shop managers and from national studies
Energy/ yogurt kg = energy of the average travel / average purchase weight
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32. Yogurt Supply chain analysis
Comparing the consumption per step (retail shop, warehousing).
Relative importance of each logistical step in the total energy consumption of a supply chain : transport, warehouse, retail, last km.
Comparing the total energy consumption of the different types of supply chain.
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33. Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2 & 3
WATCH general objective is to analyse changes in behaviour
WG1 is on freight : behaviour = logistical choices
we should also consider the possible evolutions of these choices
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
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34. Possible convergences with WATCH WG 2
With WG2 ( car ownership and car use ) possible convergences on land use
What type of retail shop (size & location) is more energy efficient
Influence of the town (size & density) and
Land use
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
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35. Convergence with WATCH WG3
WG3 is on traveller national surveys. Freight analysis and surveys are late compared with traveller :
How to observe « freight behaviour » ? (several possible stakeholders for the shipment : more for the supply chain)
How to observe (or prepare an observation of) the changes in behaviour ?
C. Rizet 23/06/2004
COST WATCH 1st WG1 meeting