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Published byFrank Bond Modified over 9 years ago
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CNS stimulants
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Schedule for Controlled Drugs Class I –No medical use, high addiction potential Class II –Medical use, high addiction potential Class III –Medical use, moderate potential for dependance Class IV –Medical use low abuse potential Class V
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CNS stimulants Little therapeutic application Drug abuse Psychomotor stimulants –Excitement and euphoria, decrease feeling of fatigue and increased motor activity Hallucinogens –Profound change in thought pattern and mood
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Methylxamine Theophylline –Tea Theobromine –Found in coca Caffeine –Most widely consumed stimulant in the world –Highest con in coffee, –Tea, cola drink, chocolate candy and coca
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Caffeine Coffee, 8oz drip 104-192 mg Tea, 8oz brewed 20-90 Iced Tea, 8 oz 9-50 Soft Drinks, 8 oz 20-40 Cocoa Beverage, 8oz 3-32 Milk Chocolate, 1 oz 1-15 Dark Chocolate, 1 oz 5-35
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7oz coffee Drip 115-175 Brewed 80-135 Instant 65-100 Decaf, brewed 3-4 Decaf, instant 2-3
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Actions Caffeine found in two cups of coffee (100-200 mg) cause –Decrease in fatigue and increase mental alertness 1.5 g of caffeine (12-15 cups) produce tremor and anxiety –Tolerance developed rapidly to the stimulant effect of caffeine Withdrawal effect: –routine consumption of 600 mg (6 cups of coffe) –lethargy, irritability and headache
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Caffeine Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects –Angina pectoris Mild diuretic action All methylxanthines increase gastric acid secretion –Patient with peptic ulcer Therapeutic uses –Theophyline as bronchodilator
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Side effects Moderate dose of caffeine –Insomnia, agitation and anxiety A high dose is required for toxicity –Emesis and convulsion Lethal dose 10 gm (100 cup) –Cardiac arrhythmia
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Nicotine Active ingredient in tobacco There are around 3000 chemicals in cigarettes Nicotine, carbon monoxide and tars
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Actions At low dose ganglionic stimulation At high dose ganglionic suppression It is highly lipid soluble 6-8 mg in one cigarette Acute lethal dose 60 mg Placenta and lactating women
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Actions Some degree of euphoria, arousal and relaxation Improve attention and learning problem High dose central respiratory paralysis and hypotension
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Peripheral effects Stimulation of sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla –Vasoconstriction –Increased heart rate –Increased blood pressure Peripheral vascular diseases At high dose decrease in blood pressure
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Withdrawal syndrome Physical dependence develops rapidly and is severe Irritability, anxiety, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, headache and insomnia Decrease appetite and abdominal pain
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Withdrawal syndrome Pharmacological and behaviorial therapy Nicotine patches and nicotine gum Bupropion antidepressant can reduce craving for nicotine
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Cocaine Inexpensive (USA) Widely available Highly addictive
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Cocaine IV, smoking, sniffing Lipophilic Short half life (1 hour)
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COCAINE –Rapid onset of action 10-20 mins –Short duration of action 1-2 hrs –Euphoria followed by depression –Abuser prefer amphetamines due to its longer duration of action (4-6 hrs) Local anesthesia –Eye, nose and throat surgery Vasoconstriction –Nasal septum perforation
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Cocaine MI at any dose at any time with warning and prediction Hyperthermia Cocaine intoxication –Mydriasis –Benzodiazepine
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Amphetamines Group of drugs –Amphetamine, dextramphetamines, metaamphetamines Drug abuse Little therapeutic uses (disencourage)
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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) –Increase rewarding neurotransmitters –Methylpehenidate –Atomoxetine Narcolepsy –Modanifil –Less psychoactive and europhria effect
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Amphetamines Performance enhancement –Alertness –Decrease fatigue –Depressed appetite –Insomnia Followed by depression
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Methylphenidate 4-6 million children daily in USA –Less addiction potentials than amphetamine –Still controlled substances Dopamine transport inhibitor ADHS GIT disturbance
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Hallucinogens Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Tetrahydrocannaboidol Penyclidine (PCP) –Anesthesia (angel dust)
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Marijuana (cannabis) The main psychoactive component of marjuana –Tetrahydrocannabinol THC Dronabilol the available synthetic compound Cannabinoid receptors Oral or smoking route
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Marijuana High Euphoria Uncontrolled laughter Time disorientation Depersonalization
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Marijuana Relaxation Dream like state Thinking or concentration impairment Impotence ? Same side effects as smoking
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Dronabinol Oral administration Long effect 24 hrs Appetite stimulator for HIV patients Antiemetics
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LSD Lysergic acid diethylamine –Hallucination with color –Dream like state –Serotonin agonists –Increase BP, increase body heat –Pupillary dilation
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LSD Psychotic changes Hyperreflexia Muscle weakness Haloperidol
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