1. Geologic Structures Prepared by Betsy Conklin for Dr. Isiorho

2. Tectonic Forces at Work zstructural geology: the branch of geology concerned with the shapes, arrangement, and interrelationships of bedrock units and the forces that cause them zstress: a force per unit area zstrain: the change in size (volume) or shape, or both, while an object is undergoing stress

3. Stress and Strain in the Earth’s Crust zcompressive stress: a stress due to a force pushing together on a body

4. Stress and Strain in the Earth’s Crust ztensional stress: caused by forces pulling away from one another in opposite directions

5. Stress and Strain in the Earth’s Crust zshear stress: due to movement prallel to but in opposite directions along a fulat or other boundary

6. Behavior of Rocks to Stress and Strain zelastic strain: strain in which a deformed body recovers its original shape after the stress is released (ex: rubber band) zelastic limit: the maximum amount of stress that can be applied to a body before it deforms in a permanent way by bending or breaking zductile: capable of being molded and bent under stress zbrittle strain: cracking or rupturing of a body under stress

7. Present Deformation of the Crust zGeologists often say the crust of the earth is “mobile” or “restless” because bedrock is moving and being deformed in many parts of the world zfault: a fracture in bedrock along which movement has taken place

8. Geologic Maps and Field Methods zgeologic map: a map which uses standardized symbols and patterns to represent rock types and geologic structures that is typically produced from the field map for a given area zgeologic cross section: represents a vertical slice through a portion of the earth

9. Strike and Dip zstrike: the compass direction of a line formed by the intersection of an inclined plane with a horizontal plane zangle of dip: a measurement downward from the horizontal plane to the bedding plane zdirection of dip: the compass direction in which the angle of dip is measured

10. Folds zfold: bends or wave-like features in layered rock zanticline: an upward arching fold zhinge line: the axis of the fold zsyncline: a downward-arching counterpart of an anticline zaxial plane: a plane containing all of the hinge lines of a fold

11. Plunging Folds zplunging folds: folds in which the hinge lines are not horizontal Plunging folds: anticline on left and right, syncline in center. The hinge lines are at an angle to the block diagram, penetrating the surface and emerging from the front cross section

12. Structural Domes and Structural Basins zstructural dome: a structure in which the beds dip away from a central point zstructural basin: a structure in which the beds dip toward a central point Structural basin Structural dome

13. Interpreting folds zopen folds: a fold with gently dipping limbs zisoclinal fold: a fold in which the limbs are parallel to one another zoverturned fold: a fold in which both limbs dip in the same direction zrecumbent fold: a fold overturned to such an extent that the limbs are essentially horizontal

14. Interpreting folds & Unconformities

15. Fractures in Rock zjoint: a fracture or crack in bedrock where essentially no displacement occurs zjoint set: where joints are oriented approximately parallel to one another

16. Faults zdip-slip fault: movement is parallel to the dip of the fault surface zstrike-slip fault: horizontal motion parallel to the strike of the fault surface zoblique-slip fault: both strike-slip and dip-slip components

17. Dip-Slip Faults zfootwall: the underlying surface of an inclined fault plane zhanging wall: the overlying surface of an inclined fault plane

18. Dip-Slip Faults (cont.) znormal fault: a fault where the hanging-wall block has moved downward relative to the footwall block zgraben: when a block bounded by normal faults drops down zhorst: when a block bounded by normal faults is uplifted

19. Dip-Slip Faults (cont.) zreverse fault: when the hanging-wall block has moved upward relative to the footwall block zthrust fault: a reverse fault in which the dip of the fault plane is at a low angle to horizontal A reverse fault. The fault is unaffected by erosion. Arrows indicate compressive stress. Diagram shows area after erosion; dashed lines indicate portion eroded away Thrust fault due to horizontal compression.

20. Strike-slip Faults zstrike-slip fault: a fault where the movement is predominantly horizontal and parallel to the strike of the fault zright-lateral fault: a strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the right zleft-lateral fault: a strike-slip fault in which the block seen across the fault appears displaced to the left

21. Pictures All pictures used in this power point presentation were taken from the following: Carlson, Diane H., David McGeary and Charles C. Plummer. Physical Geology: Updated Eighth Edition. New York City, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2001.