1. Community Interactions - such as, competition, predation, and symbiosis can powerfully affect an ecosystem

2. Every morning in Africa

3. A gazelle wakes up & “knows”

4. It must run faster that the fastest lion

5. Or it will be killed.

6. Every morning, a lion wakes up & “knows”

7. It must outrun the slowest gazelle

8. Or it will starve to death

9. It doesn’t matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle

10. When the sun comes up,

11. You better be running …

12. Competition: Occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time

13. Things that reduce competition - being active at different times of the day - establishing territories - establishing hierarchies - requiring different resources at different times of the life cycle

14. Predation: Hunter & hunted Predator - prey

15. Predator and Prey Adaptations

16. - Camouflage (cryptic coloration)

17. Marked with bright or contrasting colors as a warning that the animal is venomous or noxious. - Warning coloration

18. - Distasteful

19. - Horns for protection - Hooves for running fast

20. - Deceptive markings (eyespots)

21. - Sharp Hearing

22. Example: Monarch & Viceroy - Mimicry

23. - Sting - Poisonous

24. - Offensive Odors / Repellant Chemicals

25. - Ability to run fast

26. - Sharp horns - Sharp tearing teeth

27. - Claws for piercing

28. Lynx & hare

29. Predator – prey graph

30. Cat and Deer

32. Rabbit vs. Snake

33. Symbiosis: Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship

34. Rhino & Oxpecker

35. Lichen = alga & fungus

36. Rhizobium legume Rhizobium (nitrogen fixing bacteria) & legume nodules

37. E. coli E. coli & human gut

38. Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed (a one-way relationship)

39. Clownfish & Sea Anemones

40. Shark & Remora

41. Spanish moss growing on trees

42. Parasitism  – one organism benefits and the other is harmed

43. Endoparasites Tapeworms

44. Ectoparasites Caterpillar & wasp larvae

45. Mosquito

46. Leeches

47. Ticks & mammals