1. Pond Dynamics and Balance

2. Water Quality Factors 1. Dissolved oxygen 2. Alkalinity 3. Hardness 4. pH

3. Dissolved Oxygen 1. Action of wind, waves (surface) 2. Photosynthesis from aquatic plants 3. Aerators

4. Dissolved Oxygen 1. Colder water holds more dissolved oxygen 2. Different species of fish have different D.O. requirements. 3. Dissolved oxygen changes throughout the day and night Time of Day Dissolved Oxygen Sunrise Sunset Sunrise

5. Alkalinity, hardness, and pH 1. These factors depend on conditions of surrounding watershed 2. Should have pH that’s between 6.5 and 9 3. Should have an alkalinity and hardness of at least 20 ppm These factors can be changed by liming the pond. They promote the growth of algae and other fish foods.

6. Pond Food Chain Nutrients (fertilizer) Algae and phytoplankton Small fish eat algae Big fish eat small fish Man harvests fish

7. Pond Balance Based on maintaining food chain Nutrients, water quality factors Prey fish Predator fish Regular fish harvest