1. An Overview of Various Treatment Options Mimi Lou, Ph.D. Clinical Director Children’s Hospital Autism Intervention (CHAI) Program

2. Psychoeducational Approaches in Autism/PDD Developmental Models Behavioral Approaches –Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) –Discrete Trial – (Lovaas) –Contemporary ABA Group/Classroom Instruction: TEACCH

3. Developmental Models DIR, Floortime (Greenspan & Wieder); SCERTS (Prizant & Wetherby); Hanen, More Than Words Learning understood within context of developmental processes (typical child development) –Development proceeds from both external experience and internal, biological maturation –Different aspects/domains of development are interdependent –Child learns more than s/he is taught, or experience is more than instruction

4. Developmental Models (cont.) Use of interactive-facilitative (versus directive) strategies: Child “leads”: active in selecting, directing own activities Adult builds on child’s initiations; expands on child’s interests Adult entices, actively engages child Adult facilitates play by providing support and helping to structure experience and mediate the environment

5. Developmental Models (cont.) Naturally occurring and motivating contexts for learning Central roles for play and functional learning; importance of affects, learning has meaning for child Individual profile of sensory and motor processing

6. Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) Reinforce/reward appropriate behavior to teach new skills Ignore/extinguish inappropriate behavior Shape existing behaviors into new and useful ones Functional Analysis: examine antecedents, behaviors, consequences for problem behaviors in order to correct

7. Discrete Trial (Lovaas) Direct instruction: verbal direction, prompting, reinforcement, with rapid repetition of short trials Focus on 1 specific skill at a time Highly structured context/setting Adult control: determines activity, focus of attention, correctness of response Child compliance Prescribed sequenced curriculum

8. Contemporary ABA Natural Language paradigm, Pivotal Response Training(Koegels & Schreibman); Modified Discrete Trial (Leaf, McEachin); Incidental Learning (McGee); Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) (Bondy & Frost) More naturalistic instruction incorporating child’s choice/preference, naturally rewarding consequences

9. Contemporary ABA (cont.) Teaching in context of play and functional activities Control of teaching interaction shared, with child initiating communicative exchanges more and adult responding

10. Group/Classroom Instruction: TEACCH Primary purpose: Improve each individual’s adaptation, level of skill Modify, structure the environment to accommodate autism deficits Aim to increase independent functioning (emphasis on visual components of structure) Structured teaching = framework in which vocational, social, and living skills taught

11. Group/Classroom Instruction: TEACCH (cont.) 4 major components of structured teaching: –physical organization –schedules –work systems –task organization

12. Characteristics of Effective Preschool Programs Low adult:child ratio to teach core skills Highly structured, predictable classroom routines Functional approach to challenging behaviors Direct instruction in “survival skills” for transition Family involvement in intervention Intensity of intervention (15 – 40 hours/week)

13. Characteristics of Effective Preschool Programs (cont.) Curriculum Content (Direct instruction in core skills): –Attention to environment, especially to people –Ability to imitate others –Ability to comprehend and use language –Ability to play appropriately with toys –Ability to socially interact with others

14. Other Therapies Complementary Medicine Treatments specifically for sensory-motor issues Auditory Processing Treatments specifically for social relationships Reading Intervention

15. Complementary Medicine Medications Vitamins Nutritional Supplements Dietary Interventions Immune System Allergy treatment Heavy Metals (Chelation)

16. Treatments specifically for sensory-motor issues Sensory Integration Therapy –Focuses on sensory processing issues and difficulties from poor integration of information from sensory systems, especially, proprioceptive, vestibular, and tactile; motor planning problems, regulatory issues of arousal –Through sensory stimulation and sensory-motor challenges

17. Auditory Processing Auditory Integration Therapy –Berard Tomatis, Others –Treatment for sound sensitivity; modulated music through headphones with filtering of certain sound frequencies Processing Speed –FastForWord

18. Treatments specifically for social relationships Integrated Playgroups (Pamela Wolfberg) Social Stories (Carol Gray) Relationship Development Intervention (Steven Gutstein) Reading Intervention –Lindamood-Bell (Patricia Lindamood, Phyllis Lindamood, Nanci Bell)