1. apostrophe – when one speaks to something or someone
apostrophe – when one speaks to something or someone that cannot reply back
couplet (R25)
iambic pentameter (R27 under “meter”)
rhyme scheme (R31)
types of sonnets (R32)
octave (R32 under “stanza”)
quatrain (R32 under “stanza”)
sestet (R32 under “stanza”)

2. Shakespearean (English)
Sonnet form

3. William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 116
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark,
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved. A B C D E F G

4. quatrains couplet Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark,
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
couplet

5. Solution or resolution
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Admit impediments. Love is not love
Which alters when it alteration finds,
Or bends with the remover to remove:
O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark,
That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
It is the star to every wandering bark,
Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
Within his bending sickle's compass come;
Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
If this be error and upon me proved,
I never writ, nor no man ever loved.
Problem or conflict
Solution or resolution

6. Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Predominantly iambic pentameter (with a few trochees here and there at times!)
/ X / X X / X / X /
Let me not to the marriage of true minds
X / X / X / / X X /
Admit impediments. Love is not love
X / X / X / X / X /
Which alters when it alteration finds,
X / X / X / X / X /
Or bends with the remover to remove:

7. Petrarchan (Italian)
Sonnet form

8. John Donne’s Holy Sonnet 1
Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?
Repair me now, for now mine end doth haste,
I run to death, and death meets me as fast,
And all my pleasures are like yesterday;
I dare not move my dim eyes any way,
Despair behind, and death before doth cast
Such terror, and my feeble flesh doth waste
By sin in it, which it t'wards hell doth weigh;
Only thou art above, and when towards thee
By thy leave I can look, I rise again;
But our old subtle foe so tempteth me,
That not one hour my self I can sustain;
Thy Grace may wing me to prevent his art,
And thou like Adamant draw mine iron heart. A B C D E

9. octave sestet Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?
Repair me now, for now mine end doth haste,
I run to death, and death meets me as fast,
And all my pleasures are like yesterday;
I dare not move my dim eyes any way,
Despair behind, and death before doth cast
Such terror, and my feeble flesh doth waste
By sin in it, which it t'wards hell doth weigh;
Only thou art above, and when towards thee
By thy leave I can look, I rise again;
But our old subtle foe so tempteth me,
That not one hour my self I can sustain;
Thy Grace may wing me to prevent his art,
And thou like Adamant draw mine iron heart.
Can be divided into two quatrains
Can be divided into a quatrain and a couplet
sestet

10. Solution or resolution
Problem or conflict
Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?
Repair me now, for now mine end doth haste,
I run to death, and death meets me as fast,
And all my pleasures are like yesterday;
I dare not move my dim eyes any way,
Despair behind, and death before doth cast
Such terror, and my feeble flesh doth waste
By sin in it, which it t'wards hell doth weigh;
Only thou art above, and when towards thee
By thy leave I can look, I rise again;
But our old subtle foe so tempteth me,
That not one hour my self I can sustain;
Thy Grace may wing me to prevent his art,
And thou like Adamant draw mine iron heart.
Solution or resolution

11. Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?
Predominantly iambic pentameter (again, a few trochees here and there!)
/ X / X X / X / X /
Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?
X / X / X / X / X /
Repair me now, for now mine end doth haste,
X / X / X / / X X /
I run to death, and death meets me as fast,
X / X / X / X / X /
And all my pleasures are like yesterday;

12. Spenserian
Sonnet form

13. Sir Edmund Spenser’s Sonnet 1
Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands,
Which hold my life in their dead-doing might,
Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands,
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.
And happy lines, on which with starry light,
Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look
And read the sorrows of my dying sprite,
Written with tears in heart's close-bleeding book.
And happy rhymes bath'd in the sacred brook,
Of Helicon whence she derived is,
When ye behold that Angel's blessed look,
My soul's long-lacked food, my heaven's bliss.
Leaves, lines, and rhymes, seek her to please alone,
Whom if ye please, I care for other none. A B C D E

14. quatrains couplet Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands,
Which hold my life in their dead-doing might,
Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands,
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.
And happy lines, on which with starry light,
Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look
And read the sorrows of my dying sprite,
Written with tears in heart's close-bleeding book.
And happy rhymes bath'd in the sacred brook,
Of Helicon whence she derived is,
When ye behold that Angel's blessed look,
My soul's long-lacked food, my heaven's bliss.
Leaves, lines, and rhymes, seek her to please alone,
Whom if ye please, I care for other none.
quatrains
couplet

15. Solution or resolution
Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands,
Which hold my life in their dead-doing might,
Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands,
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.
And happy lines, on which with starry light,
Those lamping eyes will deign sometimes to look
And read the sorrows of my dying sprite,
Written with tears in heart's close-bleeding book.
And happy rhymes bath'd in the sacred brook,
Of Helicon whence she derived is,
When ye behold that Angel's blessed look,
My soul's long-lacked food, my heaven's bliss.
Leaves, lines, and rhymes, seek her to please alone,
Whom if ye please, I care for other none.
Problem or conflict
Solution or resolution

16. Predominantly iambic pentameter (again, an occasional trochaic foot)
/ X X / X / X / X /
Happy ye leaves when as those lily hands
X / X / X / X /X /
Which hold my life in their dead-doing might,
X / X / X / X / X /
Shall handle you and hold in love's soft bands,
X / X / X / X / X /
Like captives trembling at the victor's sight.

17. ALL sonnets are predominantly in iambic pentameter and are fourteen lines in length.
Shakespearean (English) rhyme scheme:
ABABCDCDEFEFGG
Petrarchan (Italian) rhyme scheme:
ABBAABBACDCDEE or ABBAABBACDECDE
Spenserian rhyme scheme:
ABABBCBCCDCDEE