1. UNIT 6 Theories of Covalent Bonding and Intro to Organic Chemistry Functional Groups and Organic Nomenclature

2. 3-D Structure **You are responsible for being able to draw accurate 3-D structures of relatively simple organic compounds!**  You must correctly show  all bond angles (this includes not “splitting” bonds)  which atoms are in the plane of the paper  which atoms are in front of the plane of the paper  which atoms are behind the plane of the paper  Start practicing now

3. Carbon Carbon has an exceptional ability to bond with itself, forming a variety of molecules with chains or rings of C atoms. Carbon also forms strong bonds with H, O, N, and the halogens. Consequently, C can form millions of compounds.

4. Carbon Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms 4 bonds. These 4 bonds can be a combination of single, double, and triple bonds. methane, CH 4 formaldehyde, CH 2 O acetonitrile, CH 3 CN

5. Carbon  Bond lengths: C—C > C=C > C≡C  Bond strengths: C≡C > C=C > C—C

6. Carbon  Hydrocarbons containing no multiple bonds are not very reactive.  Organic compounds get their reactivity and their characteristics from functional groups such as -OH (alcohol) and -COOH (acid).  Recognizing functional groups is a “must.”

7. Alkanes and Cycloalkanes Have no Functional Groups Compounds that contain only C and H and only single bonds are called either alkanes or, if the C’s form rings, cycloalkanes. They have no functional groups. hexane, a straight chain alkane formula C 6 H 14 cyclohexane, a cycloalkane formula C 6 H 12

8. There Are Many Ways to Show Organic Structures The structures shown on the previous slide are called condensed structures or condensed structural formulas. Lewis structures show all bonds and all nonbonding valence electrons. condensed structural formulas Lewis structures

9. Line Angle Structures Organic compounds can be really large. Imagine how many C’s and H’s and their bonds you’d have to show: the structure would be very “busy.” line angle structures Lewis structures

10. Line Angle Structures Line angle structures are another way to represent organic molecules, a way that lets you focus on functional groups. No C’s are shown, and almost no H’s bonded to C’s are shown, either. line angle structures* Lewis structures *There is a C atom at either end of every line segment. The H’s on each C are enough to give the C four bonds total. YOU MUST BE ABLE TO COUNT TO 4.

11. Functional Groups - Alkenes Clearly, line angle structures are less “busy.” C=C is the alkene functional group, also called the carbon-carbon double bond. line angle structureLewis structure cyclohexene trans-2-hexene (The double bond starts on carbon number 2. One counts from the end that gets to the C=C bond first.)

12. Which Carbon has the Functional Group? Organic compounds are “read” and named from the end that brings you to the functional group first. All structures shown below are for the same compound, trans-2-hexene. line angle structuresLewis structures condensed structural formulas

13. Functional Groups - Alkynes C≡C is the alkyne functional group, also known as a carbon-carbon triple bond. line angle structureLewis structure 2-hexyne (The triple bond starts on C number 2. One counts from the end that gets to the carbon-carbon triple bond first.)

14. Functional Groups Alkyl Halides Alkyl halides (-X) all have a carbon atom bonded to a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I). Halogen atoms are designated X. line angle structure Lewis structure 2-bromopropane or propyl bromide, CH 3 CHBrCH 3

15. Functional Groups Aromatic rings Several structures are aromatic, but we will look at only one: the benzene ring, also called an aromatic ring. Benzene is NOT three alkenes! It is a unique structure where six electrons are shared among all 6 carbon atoms. That is why the line angle structure is often seen with a circle in the middle of the ring. line angle structures Lewis structure benzene, C 6 H 6

16. Aromatic Hydrocarbons  contain 6- membered ring structures with alternating double bonds, stabilized by the delocalized electrons from the pi bonds.  are not as reactive as the alkenes and alkynes.

17. Functional Groups alkene alkyne halide - X aromatic ring

18. Functional Groups - Alcohols Alcohols all have the –OH group (called a hydroxyl group and sometimes shown as HO-). line angle structure Lewis structure Isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol, CH 3 CHOHCH 3

19. Ethers are like water, with alkyl groups replacing both of the -Hs:  H-O-H water  R-O-H alcohol  R-O-R’ether are relatively unreactive. are commonly used as solvents.

20. Functional Groups - Amines Amines are organic bases and have the formula RNH 2, RNR’R”, or RNHR’, where R is an alkyl group. CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 (CH 3 ) 3 N ethylaminetrimethylamine pyrrolidine All three functional groups in blue are amines.

21. Functional Groups alcohol amine (1°) ether R = alkyl group, which is a group containing C’s and H’s with no multiple bonds.

22. Some Aldehydes and Ketones O ║ R-C-R'ketone O ║ R-CHaldehyde O O O O ║ ║ ║ ║ HCH CH 3 CH CH 3 -CH 2 -CH CH 3 -C-CH 3 methanal ethanal propanal propanone (formaldehyde) (acetaldehyde) (acetone) C=O is called a carbonyl group

23. Functional Groups - Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids (-COOH) are organic acids. line angle structure Lewis structure lauric acid, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH Note that the -OH group and the =O are on the same C atom.

24. Functional Groups - Esters The fats in our bodies are esters. Below is a simple ester. line angle structure Lewis structure ethyl acetate, CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 3 The ester group is in green. Although carbon and most hydrogen atoms aren’t shown, other atoms are.

25. Functional Groups Amines, Amides, and Nitriles  Amides are like amines, but with an adjacent C=O.  Be careful! Both amines and amides have different forms: primary (1°), secondary (2°), and tertiary (3°).  Nitriles are R-CN. amines amides

26. Functional Groups aldehyde ketone carboxylic acid ester amide nitrile - C≡N

27. Functional Groups Circle and label each functional group. vitamin A (retinol) aspirin alcohol alkenes (5) ester carboxyl group aromatic ring…NOT three alkenes!

28. Functional Groups Circle and label each functional group. estrogen All -OH are alcohols. Note that some are written HO-. aromatic ring a triglyceride alkenes (4), all cis ester (3)

29. 3-D Structure  Solid lines are bonds in the plane of the board or paper.  Wedges show bonds to atoms in front of the plane.  Dashed lines show bonds to atoms behind the plane.

30. 3-D Structure **You are responsible for being able to draw accurate 3-D structures of relatively simple organic compounds!**  You must correctly show  all bond angles (this includes not “splitting” bonds)  which atoms are in the plane of the paper  which atoms are in front of the plane of the paper  which atoms are behind the plane of the paper  Start practicing now

31. 3-Drawing Structure CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COOH Now, draw the 3-D structure for this compound.

32. Nomenclature  Organic compounds get their reactivity and their characteristics from functional groups.  Organic compounds are named after the functional groups they contain.  We will start with the alkanes.

33. Alkanes  are characterized by stable C-C single bonds  are aka saturated hydrocarbons.  are named for the number of carbons in the longest chain.  have no functional groups.

34. Alkanes Molecular formula Condensed Structural FormulaName CH 4 CH 4 methane C 2 H 6 CH 3 CH 3 ethane C 3 H 8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 propane C 4 H 10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 butane C 5 H 12 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 pentane C 6 H 14 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 hexane C 7 H 16 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 heptane C 8 H 18 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 octane C 9 H 20 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 nonane C 10 H 22 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 decane

35. Nomenclature Systematic naming comes from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Below is the template you will use to build the name of ANY organic compound. stereo- isomerism substituents main chain unsaturation functional group

36. Nomenclature of Alkanes 1.Find the longest continuous chain of C atoms, and use that as the base name of the compound. 2.If there is more than one long chain, choose the one that gives more substituents. 3.Number the C atoms in the longest chain, beginning with the end that brings you to the substituent sooner. CH 3 - CH - CH 3 | CH 3 - CH - CH 2 | CH 3 54 3 21

37. Nomenclature of Alkanes 3. Name and give the location of each substituent group. Condensed Structural FormulaName CH 3 —methyl CH 3 CH 2 — ethyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 — propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — butyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — pentyl (CH 3 ) 2 CH — isopropyl (CH 3 ) 3 C— t-butyl

38. Nomenclature of Alkanes 4. When two or more substituents are present, list them in alphabetical order. Condensed Structural FormulaName CH 3 —methyl CH 3 CH 2 — ethyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 — propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — butyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — pentyl (CH 3 ) 2 CH — isopropyl (CH 3 ) 3 C— t-butyl

39. Nomenclature of Alkanes 2,4-dimethylpentane CH 3 - CH - CH 3 | CH 3 - CH - CH 2 | CH 3 54 3 21 | CH 3 - CH - CH 2 | CH - CH - CH 2 - CH 3 | | CH 3 CH - CH 3 | CH 3 3-ethyl-2,4,5-trimethylheptane 5 4 3 2 1 6 7

40. Drawing an Alkane from its Name CH 2 - CH 3 | CH 3 - CH - CH - CH 2 - CH 3 | CH 3 Draw the structure of 3-ethyl-2-methylpentane. 1. Write the backbone (pentane). 2. Put in each substituent at the correct C and adjust the hydrogens to keep 4 bonds per C.

41. Cycloalkanes Hydrocarbons where some of the C atoms form rings. Reactive because of the strain caused by the 60° bond angle.

42. Structural Isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different bonding arrangements are structural isomers.

43. Structural Isomers of Pentane

44. 3-D Structures Draw the 3-D structures of : pentane acetaldehyde, CH 3 CHO

45. Geometry of Alkanes Rotation about a C-C single bond is relatively easy, and it occurs very rapidly at room temperature. Although we talk about straight-chain hydrocarbons, the alkanes constantly undergo motions that cause them to change their shape, like a chain being shaken.