1. 4.1 Revolution War Standards 8.1.3 Analyze how the American Revolution affected other nations, especially France. 8.1.4

2. Essential Questions 1.How important were foreign alliances to the American victory in the Revolutionary War? 2.In which ways did the American Revolution influence other nations? 3.How is a democracy different from a republic?

3. Ch 4.3 Struggling Toward Saratoga MAIN IDEA After a series of setbacks, American forces win at Saratoga and survive.

4. WHY IT MATTERS NOW All types of Americans join the fight for common ideals and freedoms.

5. Defeat in New York 32,000 British troops overrun the city late summer 1776. 10,000 German mercenaries. -Hessians. Ill-trained rebels retreat to Pennsylvania.

6. Battle of Trenton Christmas 1776, Washington crosses Delaware River into New Jersey. Surprised Hessian garrison, wins. Eight days later wins Battle of Princeton.

7. Fight for Philadelphia, 1777 Gen. William Howe beats Washington at Brandywine, PA. -Takes U.S. capital of Philadelphia. -Continental Congress flees.

8. Victory at Saratoga Gen. John Burgoyne leads British and allies south from Canada. Keeps losing to rebel militia. Surrounded at Saratoga -surrenders to Gen. Gates.

10. Early French Alliances Since 1776, been sending weapons. Recognize American independence and sign treaty, Feb. 1778. No peace until Britain recognizes U.S.

11. Winter at Valley Forge Continental Army winter camp (1777- 1778). 20% died of cold and hunger.

12. Financing the War Sells Bonds to investor and foreign Governments Prints paper money, cause inflation (rising prices). Smuggle through naval blockade. Profiteering- sell scarce goods for profit.

13. Civilians at War Women -manage homes and businesses. -follow troops; wash, cook, mend, and fight. African-Americans -escape to cities or frontier. -5,000 serve in Continental Army Native Americans -Most stay out of conflict.