1. Rewind Geography How did the following impact Greece?
Sea
Mountains
Climate
Why did the Greeks have so many colonies throughout Mediterranean?

2. Today’s Objectives Standard WHI.5 Essential Questions
Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by:
Identifying the social structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta
Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars
Essential Questions
How did Sparta differ from Athens?
Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?

3. Warring City-States

4. Rule and Order in Greek-City States
Polis
750 B.C.E.
Fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece
Made up of a city and surrounding countryside
Often less than 20,000 residents
Had agora (public center) and acropolis (fortified hill top)
Greek Political Structures
Several types of governments
Monarchy
Kings and Queens rule
Aristocracy
Ruled by a small group of people, usually nobles
Oligarchy
Ruled by a few powerful people, usually wealthy merchants

5. Rule and Order New kind of Army Tyrants seize power Iron emerges
Cheaper than bronze, more available
Ordinary citizens could afford weapons
Citizens expected to defend Polis
Emergence of Phalanx
Tyrants seize power
Citizen-soldiers started to rebel
Tyrants, powerful individuals, gained power by appealing to poor

6. Spartans Lived in the Peloponnesus (southern Greece) Location
Gulf of Corinth

7. Sparta Government and Society Conquerors Education
Oligarchy – headed by two kings
Council of Elders
Proposed laws to assembly
Made up of 2 kings and 28 citizens over 60 years old
Ephors- 5 elected officials carried out laws
Led education of youth
Social Structure
Diverse social groups
Rigid structure
Education
Men
Life centered around military training
Age 7- left for barracks
Did not encourage arts
Stressed duty, strength, discipline
Militaristic and aggressive society
Women
Hardy lives
Service to Sparta above family
Women had more rights than most areas
Sparta
Conquerors
Conquered neighbors Messenia 725 B.C.E.
Messenians became helots
Revolt of helots in 600 B.C.E. forced Spartans to strengthen military

8. Citizenship Spartans prepared for military life
Every newborn examined, sickly children killed
At age 7 boys went into military training
At age 20 a man could marry, but lived in barracks another 10 years
At age 30, he took his place in the assembly

9. Spartan Life Women Affairs Expected to produce healthy, warrior sons
Exercised and strengthened their bodies
Had to obey husband and father
Had right to inherit property
Ran family estates while men were at war
Affairs
Isolated itself
Looked down on trade and wealth
Forbade travel

10. Athens Located in Attica Under protection of Goddess Athena
Evolved from monarchy to aristocracy
“cradle of democracy”
Noble landowners had power

11. Forms of Government Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy
State ruled by King
State ruled by Nobility
State ruled by a small group of citizens
State ruled by its citizens
Rule is hereditary
Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership
Rule is based on wealth
Rule is based on citizenship
Some rulers claim divine right
Social status and wealth support ruler’s authority
Ruling group controls military
Majority rule decides vote
Practiced in Mycenae (1450 B.C.E.)
Practiced in Athens (584 B.C.E.)
Practiced in Sparta ( B.C.E.)
Practiced in Athens (461 B.C.E.)

12. Athens Government Stages of evolution in Athenian government
Early Athens was ruled by a king
Aristocracy took power in 7th century
They owned land and political power
Tyrants who worked for reform
Draco
Solon
Origin of democratic principles
Direct democracy
Public debate
Duties of the citizen

13. Athens Builds a Democracy
Location
Located on rocky hill
Eastern Greece
Political Development
Power struggle b/w rich and poor
Avoided civil war with reforms
Led to creation of democracy
Only for free adult males
Life
Slaves
1/3 population
No political rights
Women
Took care of children

14. Solon’s Political and Economic Reforms
Clashes between aristocrats and common people
Draco 621 B.C.E.
Wrote first legal code
Contracts/property ownership
Conflicts continued
594 B.C.E.
Aristocrats prevented civil war by electing Solon to head the government
Gave him power to reform law
Political Reforms
Outlawed slavery
All citizens allowed to participate in Athenian assembly
Bring charges against wrongdoers
Neglected land reforms
Led to fighting
Pisistratus 546 B.C.E. seizes power as a Tyrant
Economic Reforms
Encouraged export of grapes and olives
Profitable overseas trade

15. Road to Democracy Cleisthenes 508 B.C.E. Pisistratus 546 B.C.E.
Introduced more reforms
Wanted to makes Athens a full democracy and break up nobility
Increased power of assembly
Anyone allowed to propose laws
Council of 500
Proposed laws
Counseled the assembly
Chosen by lot
Created limited democracy
Pisistratus 546 B.C.E.
Tyrant
Provided funds to help peasants buy farm equipment
Financed reform by a tax on agricultural production
Massive building program
Gave jobs to poor
Earned him support of poor

16. Women Only males could participate in Assembly
Women were “imperfect beings” without the ability to reason
Wealthy women lived in seclusion in homes and managed household.
Poor women tended sheep, were spinners or weavers.

17. Education Girls received no education Boys attend school if affordable
Studied reading, writing, poetry, and music
Studied public speaking
Received military training

18. Persian Wars ( B.C.E)

19. Darius I of Persia
Angry at an insult, sent messengers into Greece asking for gifts of “earth and water”
Most city-states obeyed
Athens and Sparta did not submit
United Greece

20. Persian Wars
500 B.C. Athens was wealthiest city-state and had helped Ionian Greeks rebel against Persia
Persians crushed the rebel cities
Darius wanted to punish the Athenians
Sent the Persian army, landed at Marathon
Persian War united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire
Battle at Marathon
490 B.C.E.
Persian fleet lands with 25,000 men
Greek phalanx destroyed the Persians
Athens was defenseless
Pheidippides “raced” back to Athens to warn the city
Saved the city

23. Xerxes After Darius’ death, his son Xerxes wanted revenge
480 B.C. brought a larger force to Greece
Met resistance with a small force of Spartans at Thermopylae
Led by King Leonidas
Greeks divided and weak
300 Spartans sacrificed
themselves at Battle of
Thermopylae

25. Battle of Salamis Battle at Salamis
After defeating the Spartans, marched to Athens and burned it to the ground
Athenians had already left
Themistocles had built ships to help defend Greece after Marathon
Greeks lured the Persians ships into the straight of Salamis and tore them to pieces
Battle at Salamis
destroyed the Persian fleet
1/3 sank
Left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea
Greeks then marched into Asia Minor and ended the Persian invasion
Spartans finally defeated Persians at Plataea 479 B.C.E.

26. Themistocles An Athenian army commander, statesman, and archon
Designed the Piraeus naval harbor
Never popular with fellow citizens despite being the hero of Battle of Salamis
Ostracized in 470 B.C. and was sentenced to death
Committed suicide 460 B.C.

27. United Greece Athens emerged most powerful city-state
Organized an alliance with other city-states called the Delian agreement
Athens emerges in a position of strength
Athens was pursuing aggressive policies against neighboring state
Athens was moving towards democracy
Pericles will come to power and take Athens’ into its Golden Age.

28. Rewind
Who?
The united Greek city-states vs. the Persian Empire. Greece Wins!!!!
When?
499 B.C.E. – 449 B.C.E.
Why?
Control of the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and the economic advantages that go along with controlling the seas.
Major Battles?
2 Major Battles were at Marathon and Salamis. The Greeks defeated the Persians in both.
Results of War
Athens emerges as the dominant power in Greece after the formation of the Delian League. The Delian League was an alliance between Athens and other Greek city-states (not Sparta) that made Athens wealthy and powerful.

29. Revisit Objectives Standard WHI.5 Essential Questions
Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by:
Identifying the social structure and role of slavery, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta
Evaluating the significance of the Persian wars
Essential Questions
How did Sparta differ from Athens?
Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture?