2. The database approach to data management provides significant advantages over the traditional file-based approach
Define general data management concepts and terms, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of the database approach to data management
Describe the relational database model and outline its basic features
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

3. A well-designed and well-managed database is an extremely valuable tool in supporting decision making
Identify the common functions performed by all database management systems and identify popular end-user database management systems
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

4. Identify and briefly discuss current database applications
The number and types of database applications will continue to evolve and yield real business benefits
Identify and briefly discuss current database applications
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

5. Introduction
Database management system (DBMS): group of programs that manipulate database and provide interface between database and users
Database administrator (DBA): a skilled information systems professional who directs all activities related to organization’s database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

6. Data Management: The Hierarchy of Data
A bit (a binary digit) represents a circuit that is either on or off
A byte is typically 8 bits
Character: each byte represents a character, the basic building block of information
Field: typically a name, number, or combination of characters that describes an aspect of a business object or activity
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

7. The Hierarchy of Data (continued)
Record: a collection of related data fields
File: a collection of related records
Database: a collection of integrated and related files
Hierarchy of data: formed by bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

8. Figure 5.1: The Hierarchy of Data
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

9. Data Entities, Attributes, and Keys
Entity: a generalized class of people, places, or things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
Attribute: a characteristic of an entity
Data item: the specific value of an attribute
Key: a field or set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record
Primary key: a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

10. Figure 5.2: Keys and Attributes
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

11. The Traditional Approach Versus the Database Approach
Traditional approach: separate data files are created and stored for each application program
Results in data redundancy: duplication of data in separate files
Data redundancy conflicts with data integrity (the degree to which the data in any one file is accurate)
Database approach: approach whereby a pool of related data is shared by multiple application programs; offers significant advantages over traditional file-based approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

12. Figure 5.3: The Traditional Approach to Data Management
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

13. Figure 5.4: The Database Approach to Data Management
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

14. Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

15. Table 5.1: Advantages of the Database Approach (continued)
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

16. Table 5.2: Disadvantages of the Database Approach
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

17. Data Modeling and the Relational Database Model
When building a database, an organization must consider:
Content: What data should be collected and at what cost?
Access: What data should be provided to which users and when?
Logical structure: How should data be arranged so that it makes sense to a given user?
Physical organization: Where should data be physically located?
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

18. Data Modeling Building a database requires two types of designs:
Logical design: shows an abstract model of how the data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs
Physical design: starts from the logical database design and fine-tunes it for performance and cost considerations
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

19. Data Modeling (continued)
Data model: a diagram of data entities and their relationships
Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams: data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

20. Figure 5.5: An Entity-Relationship (ER) Diagram for a Customer Order Database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

21. The Relational Database Model
Relational model: describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, that are the logical equivalent of files
In the relational model:
Each row of a table represents a data entity
Columns of the table represent attributes
Domain: the allowable values for data attributes
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

22. Figure 5.6: A Relational Database Model
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

23. Manipulating Data
Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria
Projecting: eliminates columns in a table
Joining: combines two or more tables
Linking: combines two or more tables using common data attributes to form a new table with only the unique data attributes
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

24. Database Management Systems (DBMS)
A group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and user
Database types
Flat file
Single user
Multiple users
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

25. Providing a User View Schema: a description of the entire database
User view: the portion of the database a user can access
Subschemas are used to create different user views
Subschema: a file that contains a description of a subset of the database and identifies which users can view and modify the data items in the subset
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

26. Figure 5.10: The Use of Schemas and Subschemas
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

27. Creating and Modifying the Database
Data definition language (DDL)
A collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a specific database
Allows the database’s creator to describe the data and the data relationships that are to be contained in the schema and subschemas
Data dictionary: a detailed description of all the data used in the database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

28. Figure 5.11: Using a Data Definition Language to Define a Schema
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

29. Figure 5.12: A Typical Data Dictionary Entry
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

30. Storing and Retrieving Data
When an application program request data from DBMS, the application program follows a logical access path
When the DBMS goes to a storage device to retrieve the requested data, it follows a path to the physical location (physical access path) where the data is stored
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

31. Figure 5.13: Logical and Physical Access Paths
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

32. Manipulating Data and Generating Reports
Data manipulation language (DML): the commands that are used to manipulate the data in a database
Structured Query Language (SQL): adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as the standard query language for relational databases
Once a database has been set up and loaded with data, it can produce reports, documents, and other outputs
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

33. Table 5.6: Examples of SQL Commands
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

34. Popular Database Management Systems
Popular DBMSs for end users include Microsoft’s Access and Corel’s Paradox
The complete database management software market includes databases by IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft
Examples of open-source database systems: PostgreSQL and MySQL
Many traditional database programs are now available on open-source operating systems
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

35. Selecting a Database Management System
Important characteristics of databases to consider:
Size of the database
Number of concurrent users
Performance
The ability of the DBMS to be integrated with other systems
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

36. Selecting a Database Management System (continued)
Important characteristics of databases to consider (continued):
Features of the DBMS
Vendor considerations
Cost of the system
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

37. Database Applications: Linking the Company Database to the Internet
Corporate databases can be accessed by customers, suppliers, and company employees through:
The Internet
Intranets
Extranets
Semantic Web: a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

38. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
Data warehouse: a database that collects business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers
Data mart: a subset of a data warehouse
Data mining: an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

39. Figure 5.17: Elements of a Data Warehouse
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

40. Table 5.8: Common Data-Mining Applications
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

41. Business Intelligence
Business intelligence (BI): the process of gathering enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business strategy, tactics, or operations
Knowledge management: the process of capturing a company’s collective expertise wherever it resides and distributing it wherever it can help produce the biggest payoff
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

42. Distributed Databases
A database in which the data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices
Corporations get more flexibility in how databases are organized and used
Replicated database: a database that holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

43. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Software that allows users to explore data from a number of different perspectives
Table 5.9: Comparison of OLAP and Data Mining
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

44. Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
Standards that ensure that software can be used with any ODBC-compliant database
Can be used to export, import, or link tables between different applications
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

45. Figure 5.19: Advantages of ODBC
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

46. Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems
Object-oriented database
Stores both data and its processing instructions
Method: a procedure or action
Message: a request to execute or run a method
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

47. Object-Oriented and Object-Relational Database Management Systems (continued)
Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS): group of programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs
Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS): DBMS capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

48. Summary
Hierarchy of data: bits, characters, fields, records, files, and databases
Entity: a generalized class of things (objects) for which data is collected, stored, and maintained
Attribute: characteristic of an entity
Data model: diagram of entities and relationships
Relational model: describes data in which all elements are placed in two-dimensional tables called relations
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

49. Summary (continued)
Selecting: eliminates rows according to certain criteria
Projecting: eliminates columns in a table
Database management system (DBMS): group of programs used as an interface
Between a database and application programs
Database and the user
Data dictionary: detailed description of all the data used in the database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition

50. Summary (continued)
Data warehouse: database that collects business information from all aspects of a company’s processes, products, and customers
Data mining: an information-analysis tool for the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse
Open database connectivity (ODBC) standards: ensure that software can be used with any ODBC-compliant database
Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition