1. TEAM DEVELOPMENT The experiment wanted two small groups to work together in long term isolation for 110 days, so they could see what effect this would have on the crew members involved. One team was made up of international Researchers, all from different cultures, and had previously never worked together. The other team of four Russian cosmonauts had already been working together in their chamber for 120 days, they had a reminder of 120 days when the second team joined them. These teams had no prior team development, nor were they provided any during the isolation. These two teams were living in a chamber the size of a train car. The two teams did not bond well together and as a result of a series of violent incidents, the two teams were separated again, one month after they introduced. The IBMP Psychologist in charge of the project said “If the crew can’t solve problems among themselves, they can’t work together” Vadum Gushin, McShane, S. O.(2010:615) They did not provide any team development to help them overcome any programs that arose. Volatility of cosmic proportions:

2. Forming – During the forming stage crew members want to be accepted by the others in their team. It would have been this case in Mir Kiss’s Team as well. As the team members had to live and work together for 110 days, they needed to develop an effective working relationship. During the forming stage crew members would have been forming impressions of each other and the incidents of fighting and sexual harassment that occurred would have hindered this process. Some crew members would have been avoiding conflict, while others were obviously past this stage as they were getting into fist fights. Storming – When the team should have been moving into the storming stage where they would put forward their ideas, receive feedback from other team members and receive other team members ideas they were having to deal with conflict that was taking place. Norming – During the norming stage crew members would have all come together and agreed to work collectively on the job at hand. This would not have occurred as the team was not functioning effectively. Performing – During this stage teams would start to perform together effectively. The Mir Kiss team never reached this stage as they were separated after one month. At this stage teams should be working independently without conflict with other members. TEAM DEVELOPMENT

3. Team norms – these are the informal rules and expectations that different groups have and this is how the team works together. Norms are created at the beginning of teams forming. Events during the beginning stages of a group can affect the norms that are created in the group. The fist fights and sexual harassment that occurred would have created un-functional norms between the group. Team cohesion – This is when teams feel connected to each other, they feel they have a social identity, and create a team identity. TEAM DEVELOPMENT Team trust – There are three different types of trust Calculus – Based trust is based on the assumption that other team members will act appropriately, this will be broken at the first issue that arises. Identification – based trust is based on the emotional connection between team members, this would have been lacking within the crew members as no team development was conducted, they joined a team of four cosmonauts who had been in isolation together for 120 days with a group of three people from different cultural and life experience backgrounds. Knowledge - based trust is based on the behaviours of others within the team. From the fist fight and sexual harassment episodes the knowledge based trust would have disappeared from the crew members. With all the international Researchers coming from different countries there should have been a lot of work put into the team’s cohesion as they all came from different cultural backgrounds, it would have been hard to create one unified identity.

4. TEAM DEVELOPMENT How individuals could cooperate together, how the organisation could help them cooperate together, how to reduce conflict and how do reduce stressful situations To make the next Mir Kiss experiment work more effectively the following training should take place: Team building exercises before the team goes into isolation and during isolation. Team bonding activities – to help crew members from different cultures bond together. Conduct pre group work activities as part of the selection process to ensure teams can work together effectively. Provide a trained facilitator to observe crew members and their mental health Provide training so crew members can manage Cultural, Age and Gender differences. Help them identify how these could affect their particular group. The first crew at a press conference before the start of the experiment. from left to right: Habihožin Haider, Vladimir Kara š tin, Vasyl Luk′ân û k, Anatoly Mura š ov Objectives of Future Experiments: The second crew at a press conference before the start of the experiment. from left to right: Norbert Kraft, Dmitry Sayenko, Judith Lapierre, Umeda Masataka Face the future: pioneers for Mars