1. PDCA CYCLE

2. 7 Basic Tools Flow Chart Check Sheet Histogram Pareto Chart
Scatter Diagram
Cause & Effect Diagram
Run Chart/Statistical Process Control

3. Flow Charts are used to... document a process improve understanding
reveal differences in methods
uncover non-value added activities

4. Flow Chart Example: Self-Serve Gas Before Improvement
shut off
engine
walk to pay
station
Drive in
self serve?
check price
to pump
yes no
turn on
pump
back
to car
pump
gas
walk to
booth
wait
transmit
approved?
check card
yes no
copy to
file
return to car
employee
totals
charges
check
accuracy
prepare
receipt
sign
copy
on the road
again
copy to
wallet

5. Flow Chart Example: Self-Serve Gas After Improvement
shut off
engine
check
price
go to
pump
self-serve?
Drive in
insert
card
in pump
yes no
wait for
receipt
store in system
approved?
yes
on the road
again
pump gas
check
credit card
wait no
copy to
wallet

6. CHECK SHEETS Contents mixed Poor taste Low temperature Utensils dirty
Data collection & analysis
Contents mixed
Poor taste
Low temperature
Utensils dirty
Price issue
Other

7. Histograms
Graphical descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation)
Uniform
Bell-Shaped
Bimodal

8. Pareto Charts
Similar to a histogram, used to find “most popular” category
Based upon the Pareto principle...

9. Basic Pareto Diagram
Complaints courtesy of my Spring OPC class

10. Alternate Pareto Diagram
Complaints courtesy of my Spring OPC class

11. Scatter Diagram Graphical descriptive statistics (correlation)
Exam Score
Class 1
Class 2
Homework Problems

12. Cause & Effect Diagrams
Also known as fishbone diagrams or Ishikawa diagrams, after their creator Kaoru Ishikawa
In general, used to find and cure causes (NOT symptoms) of problems

13. Cause & Effect Example METHODS MANPOWER Drivers lost Poor dispatching
Chef late
Large
order
snafus
LATE PIZZA
DELIVERY
FRIDAY &
SATURDAY
Bad
cars
Small
ovens
Lack of
ingredients
MACHINES
MATERIALS

14. Run Chart
Graphical descriptive statistics (trend)

15. Statistical Process Control
Finds “special” variation
General form of limits
Center line = Average
* Not the variance