1. ANCIENT EGYPT
Take notes as you WILL have an exam on this information in about 2 weeks!!!

2. ~ Geography ~
Ancient Egypt was a narrow strip of land along the Nile River, otherwise it was desert
Each year the river flooded its banks, leaving behind a fertile fringe of soil they called "the Black Land," while the desert all around the Nile valley was called "the Red Land."
Over 90% of Egypt is barren desert, leaving 99% of the population to live in just 3% of the land, including the fertile Nile Valley and Delta.
Egypt's climate is hot and dry for most of the year.

3. Geography : The Nile River:
The Nile River is about 4,145 miles long. It is the longest river in the world. The Nile gave them rich soil to grow there crops so they have food. Egypt's two most important places are the Nile delta and the Nile valley, all ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile river for food, water and transportation.
      
                 

4. Agriculture Herodotus called Egypt the “Gift of the Nile”
Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s annual floods to become an especially productive agricultural region

5. Specialization Plowing and Sowing Brewing and Breadmaking
Harvesting papyrus and Herding
Sailing

6. Specialization
Nile societies were much slower than Mesopotamia to adopt metal tools and weapons
Did develop pottery, textile manufacture, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, and masonry occupations
Egyptian pottery makers

7. Specialization Building a pyramid would require Laborers Architects
Engineers
Craftsmen
Artists

8. Cities

9. Cities Relatively few cities and high administrative centralization
Memphis
Founded by Menes around 3100 BC as capital of a united Upper and Lower Egypt
Located at the head of the Nile River Delta
Thebes
Administrative center of Upper Egypt
Seat of worship for Amon

10. ~ Religion and Philosophy ~
In ancient Egypt visual arts, writing, and literature all celebrated religion—the elaborate tombs, pyramids, and temples are legacies of their religious beliefs and practices. Later, Muslim artists brought the distinctive mosque architecture to Egypt. The majority of Egyptian people today are fellahin, or farmers, who’s lifestyles and traditions have hardly changed over the past centuries. Mummification in ancient Egypt was a very long and expensive process. From start to finish, it took about seventy days to embalm a body. Since the Egyptians believed that mummification was essential for passage to the afterlife, people were mummified and buried as well as they could possibly afford. High-ranking officials, priests and other nobles who had served the pharaoh and his queen had fairly elaborate burials.

11. Economics:
The people of Egypt used silver and gold for money, to earn money they would sell slaves, horses and food in the market. Farmers had to give the pharaoh a large part of their crop, as their tax pay, every Egyptian had to pay a large tax almost every year to help the government.

12. Economic Exchange
In this scene from the grave of Ipui at Thebes, sailors are seen leaving the boat carrying sacks containing grain. A woman is selling bread and possibly beer (top left), beside her a sailor is exchanging grain for fish. On the right a buyer checks out a cake or a loaf of bread while beside him another is acquiring some vegetables.

13. Economic Exchange
The Nile provided excellent transportation which facilitated trade.
Nile flows north so boats could ride the currents from Upper to Lower Egypt.

14. Economic Exchange
Egypt needed to trade because, beside the Nile, it had few natural resources
For example, Egypt had very few trees so all its wood came from abroad, especially cedar from Lebanon
Much trade between Egypt and Nubia
Importance of trade was reflected in the names of southern Egyptian cities

15. New Technologies
Ramps and stone-cutting required to build pyramids

16. New Technologies Papyrus Shipbuilding
The raw material came from the plant Cyperus papyrus which grew along the banks of the Nile
Used not only in the production of paper but also used in the manufacture of boats, rope and baskets
Shipbuilding
Wooden boats
Multiple-oars
Sails
Rope trusses to strengthen hulls

17. Religion and Education

18. Religion and Education
Two main gods were Amon (Thebian deity associated with the sun, creation, fertility, and reproductive forces) and Re (the sun god worshipped at Heliopolis)

19. Brief Period of Monotheism
For a brief period Akhentan challenged the Amon-Re cult by proclaiming Aten as the one and only true god
The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family

20. Mummification
In order to prepare a person for the long and hazardous journey before they could enjoy the pleasures of the afterlife, the body of a dead person was preserved by a process called mummification

21. The Judgment
The Egyptians viewed the heart as the seat of intellect and emotion.
Before entering the pleasures of eternity, the dead person had to pass a test in which Anubis, the god of the dead, weighed the person’s heart against Ma’at, the goddess of justice and truth

22. The Judgment
If the deceased’s good deeds outweighed the bad, then his heart would be as light as the feather (heavy hearts bore the burden of guilt and evil), and Osiris would welcome the newcomer to the next world.
If the deceased fell short in his judgment, his body would be eaten by a monster

23. Osiris Patron of the underworld, the dead, and past pharaohs
Cult of Osiris demanded observance of high moral standards
As lord of the underworld, Osiris had the power to determine who deserved the blessing of immortality and who did not

24. Social Hierarchy

25. Social Hierarchy Pharaoh Egyptian kings of a centralized state
Claimed to be gods living on earth in human form
Bureaucrats
Because the pharaoh was an absolute ruler there was little room for a noble class as in Mesopotamia
Instead professional military forces and an elaborate bureaucracy of administrators and tax collectors served the central government

26. Social Hierarchy Patriarchial
Vested authority over public and private affairs in men
However, more opportunities for women than in Mesopotamia as evidenced by Queen Hatshepsut reigning as pharaoh
Peasants and slaves
Supplied the hard labor that made complex agricultural society possible
Among the slaves were the Hebrews

27. ~ Language, Education, and the Arts ~
The ancient Egyptian civilization was a system of apprenticeship. This allowed craftsmen to teach their trade to young people who were not their children. The family of the apprentice paid the craftsman for training. In earlier times, education was more individualized. Each scribe taught his successor individually, usually his own son. Later there were formal classes for scribes. The Books of Instruction also served as teaching texts in the scribe schools.

28. Art and Writing

29. Art and Writing The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza.
Pyramids
Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and divine stature; royal tombs
Pyramid of Khufu involved the precise cutting and fitting of 2,300,000 limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons
Estimated construction of the Khufu pyramid required 84,000 laborers working 80 days per year for 20 years
The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. 

30. Art and Writing Hieroglyphs
Pictures that were used to write the ancient Egyptian language
Originally used to keep records of the king's possessions. Scribes could easily make these records by drawing a picture of a cow or a boat followed by a number.
As the language became more complex, more pictures were needed.

31. Tutankhamun (King Tut)
Pharaohs
Tutankhamun (King Tut)
1334 and 1325 BC
Ramesses II BC

32. ~ Pharaohs ~
The Egyptian kings ruled over Egypt for 3000 years until the armies of Alexander the Great arrived in 332 B.C.
During this 3000 year period the Egyptians would overcome a lot such as the Hyksos and the Persians, but then Alexander came.

33. Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Agriculture
+“Land between the rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates forms Fertile Crescent
+Artificial irrigation
+”Gift of the Nile”
Specialization
+Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather, brick making, stonecutting, masonry
+Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, masonry
Cities
-Numerous, densely populated city-states (Ur and Babylon)
-Fewer cities with high centralization (Memphis and Thebes)
Social Hierarchy
-Noble class
-Patriarchal
+Slaves
-Absolute authority of the pharaoh made a noble class unnecessary (had bureaucrats instead)
-Patriarchal, but the presence of Queen Hatsheput may indicate greater opportunities for women

34. Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Religion and Education
-Polytheism
-No afterlife
-Polytheism, but brief period of monotheism under Akhentan
-Afterlife and judgment (mummification)
New Technologies
-Superior in metallurgy
-Papyrus, shipbuilding, pyramids
Economic exchange
-Trade by land and water
-Trade principally by water along the Nile
-Trade more important because Egypt lacked natural resources beside the Nile
Art and Writing
-Cuneiform
-Hieroglyphs (more pictorial than cuneiform)