1. Satellite observations of the meso- and submesoscale eddies in the Baltic and Black Seas Svetlana Karimova feba@list.ru M.Sc. in oceanography – Lomonosov Moscow State University Ph.D. student – Space Research Institute of RAS (IKI) Department of the Earth investigations from space Space Radar Laboratory

2. Research topics Mesoscale and submesoscale eddies of the Black and Baltic Seas as seen by satellite radiometer and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data:  Ways of eddies visualization in satellite images  Generic types  Spatial and temporal parameters  Areas of distribution  Seasonal and interannual dynamics  Influence on vertical water structure and bioproductivity 2 INTRODUCTION

3. Motivations Mesoscale eddies: – horizontal water transport – upwelling/downwelling – contamination dilute and water self-cleaning – seawaters bioproductivity Submesoscale eddies: – reasons and mechanisms of generation – lifetime – depth – contribution to water transport and mixing 3 INTRODUCTION

4. Areas of interest 4 INTRODUCTION Baltic Sea Black Sea Baltic Sea Black Sea

5. Satellite radiometer data MODIS Aqua, spatial resolution 1 km, time coverage 04.2006-12.2009, total number of images 1100  Water-leaving radiance 551 nm (WLR)  Chlorophyll-а concentration (Chl-a)  Sea surface temperature (SST) AVHRR NOAA/MetOp-2, SST, spatial resolution 1 км, time coverage 09.2004-12.2009, total number of images 4400 5 MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

6. Image examples (20.06.2006) 6 MESOSCALE EDDIES MODIS WLR MODIS SST AVHRR SST MODIS Chl-a

7. The Black Sea mesoscale eddies The Rim Current meanders and rings Quasistationary anticyclonic eddies Near-shore anticyclonic eddies (NAEs) Mushroom-like currents (eddy dipoles) Eddies of the Anatolian Coast Shear eddy chains 7 MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

8. Mushroom-like currents 8

9. 2008 interannual variability Mushroom-like currents: 9

10. WinterSpring SummerAutumn 10 Seasonal variability

11. Mushroom-like currents’ scale Mushroom cap width (km) NumberNumber 11 MESOSCALE EDDIES: GENERAL INFORMATION

12. Eddy-induced chl-a transport 12 MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE MODIS WLR 20.05.2009

13. Eddy-induced chl-a production AVHRR SST 5.08. 2008 MODIS Chl-a 8.08.2008 13 MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE

14. Mushroom-like current Cruise 11-17.08.2004 MODIS Aqua Chl-a 14.08.2004 14 MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE SeaWiFS Chl-a

15. Density section 1814-1825 15 MESOSCALE EDDIES: INFLUENCE ON WATER STRUCTURE

16. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images Envisat ASAR and ERS-2 SAR. Spatial resolution 12.5 or 75 m depending on image mode Black Sea: Since 1998 2006-2008: 390 images (Russian part of the sea) 2009: 315 images Total: 875 images Baltic Sea: 2009: 336 images 16 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

17. Spiral lines of natural films (“black eddies”). The Baltic Sea Envisat ASAR WSM, 25.04.2009, 09:09 GMT 17 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

18. Spiral lines of natural films (“black eddies”). The Baltic Sea ERS-2 SAR IMM, 21.06.2009, 09:47 GMT ©ESA 2009 18

19. Wave/current interaction (“white” eddies) Envisat ASAR: a) 26.01.2010 07:58 GMT b) 18.02.2010 07:37 GMT c) 05.11.2009 07:37 GMT 19 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

20. Eddies visualized by ice tracers. The Kattegat Strait Envisat ASAR WSM 26.01.2010, 09:36 GMT ©ESA 2010 20

21. Number of the eddies discovered in SAR images of the Black Sea Generally:  845 eddies in 875 images (1 eddy per image)  845 eddies in 186 images (4,5 eddies per image) In 2009:  553 eddies in 311 images (1,8 eddies per image)  553 eddies in 100 images (5,5 eddies per image) “Black” and “white” “Black”“White” NumberNumber Relation of the “black” and “white” eddies detected in SAR images 21 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES

22. The Black Sea eddy size “Black” eddies size Diameter (km) NumberNumber NumberNumber “White” eddies size Diameter (km) BalticBlack “Black” 3-56-7 “White” 5-64-5 Size comparing 22

23. “Black” eddies in the Baltic Sea LEGEND: Winter Spring Summer Autumn 23

24. “Black” eddies in the Black Sea Legend: Winter Spring Summer Autumn 24 SUBMESOSCALE EDDIES DISTRIBUTION

25. (а) Envisat ASAR 23.07.2008; (b) ASAR&MERIS; (c) Envisat MERIS 24.07.2008 (а) Envisat ASAR 01.08.2008; (b) ASAR&MERIS; (c) Envisat MERIS 31.07.2008 25 SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

26. (a) Envisat ASAR 17.07.2009; (b) Landsat ETM+ 17.07.2009 (bands 3, 2, 1) 26 SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

27. Frontal eddies Envisat ASAR 08.04.2009 08:07 GMT WLRChl-aSST 27 SAR AND RADIOMETER DATA COMPARISON

28. Space Research Institute, Moscow 28 EDDIES IN THE BALTIC AND BLACK SEAS