1. Atmospheric Internal Solitary Waves observed by MERIS/ASAR in the Mozambique Channel, Africa. Jorge Magalhães (jmagalhaes@fc.ul.pt), J. C. da Silva,jmagalhaes@fc.ul.pt Institute of Oceanography & Department of Physics, University of Lisbon Roger Grimshaw and Mathew Pearce. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, U.K.. September 29, 2005 ESA-ESRIN, Frascati, Italy.

2. Acknowledgements ESA project AOPT-2423, A Multi-sensor Analysis and Interpretation System for the Coastal Zone Remote Sensing (AMAZING). INTAS – SIMP (03-51-4987): Slicks as Indicators of Marine Processes. Modis satellite data: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.govhttp://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov Atmospheric soundings: http://weather.uwyo.eduhttp://weather.uwyo.edu Surface wind velocity data: www.ssmi.comwww.ssmi.com

3. Motivations Atmospheric internal solitary waves are recognized to be an important component of the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer. They represent a fundamental element in the weather evolution for tropical Africa (Leroux, 2001). In the Mozambique Channel this kind of phenomena is often associated with rain and thunderstorms (Leroux, 2001). Why is this important for Remote Sensing? Discrimination between oceanic and atmospheric internal waves.

4. Aims: Recently discovered area, with high occurrence frequency of internal waves, both atmospheric and oceanic. Their main physical properties and propagation characteristics. New physical parameter which seems to be a strong indicator of favorable propagating conditions for the atmospheric internal waves. New possible method to detect and reveal the presence of atmospheric internal waves (synergy of MERIS /Scatterometer/ SAR).

5. Introduction Atmospheric internal solitary waves are very popular in the Gulf of Carpentaria (Australia). The so called...Morning Glories

6. Introduction Characterized by horizontal scales of a 100 meters to a few kilometers and phase speeds in the order of 10 ms -1. They usually appear as an amplitude-order series of waves of elevation. Atmospheric internal waves that propagate in the atmosphere fall broadly in to two classes:  Those that propagate in a fairly shallow stratified layer above the earth’s surface.  Those that occupy the entire troposphere.

7. Mozambique Channel Recently discovered area, very promising potential, never studied before… Very rich in oceanic and atmospheric internal waves. Why the Mozambique Channel?

8. Mozambique Channel Statistical approach referring to 2 nd semester of 2002. Data collected from Meris, ASAR and Modis sensors. Daily record of atmospheric internal waves presence in the Mozambique Channel. Column charts addressing the phenomenon's temporal and spatial variability.

9. Mozambique Channel Similar conclusions for all three sensors: High frequency of atmospheric internal waves during the winter period (Southern Hemisphere).

10. Atmospheric internal waves in the Mozambique Channel High frequency of atmospheric internal waves in the Mozambique Channel. Enables us to conduct a systematic and trustworthy survey capable of characterizing the phenomena's physical properties. Supplies with the means necessary to compare the experimental outcomes with those predicted by theoretical models.

11. Atmospheric internal waves in the Mozambique Channel How to describe atmospheric internal gravity waves from a physical point of view and indicate their more salient properties? Using a computer program, developed with IDL computer language, that analyses the available data, and calculates several physical parameters of particular interest such as the buoyancy frequency and the Scorer parameter.

12. Absolute necessity for the existence of internal waves is a horizontal wave guide which inhibits the wave energy from propagating away in the vertical direction. Comparing data results with theoretical models How can we characterize the wave guide from a physical point of a view?

13. What constitutes suitable boundary conditions? Determine the depth of the waveguide. Comparing data results with theoretical models Analyze Scorer’s Parameter vertical profile.

14. Scorer Parameter Brunt-Väisälä frequency Wave’s phase speed Mean wind velocity component in the direction of the wave propagation

15. Scorer Parameter Scorer Parameter's behavior is govern by two intrinsically distinct factors: N 2 : Measures the atmospheres stability. dz 2 : Indicator of shear effect. d2u0d2u0

16. Meris High Resolution Image Mozambique Channel, 16 September 2004

17. Case study: 16 August 2002 Buoyancy Frequency (s -1 ) Shear Effect (s -2 ) Scorer Parameter (m -2 )

18. Subsidence Parameter Represents a strong indicator of favorable propagating conditions for atmospheric internal waves. Measures the strength of sudden and abrupt changes in dew point temperature vertical profile. Typical dew point temperature vertical profile. Subsidence Parameter = Subsidence Area!! Total ΔT Total ΔZ ΔT/ΔZ in the Subsidence Area Total ΔT/Total ΔZ

19. Subsidence Parameter Evolution of the Scorer parameter over time for the Antananarivo station August, 2002

20. High Resolution Image Mozambique Channel, 16 August 2002

21. Strong correlation between high values of the Subsidence Parameter and the presence of internal waves. Represents a starting point in atmospheric internal wave’s favorable generating conditions forecast. Atmospheric internal waves play important role in the weather evolution for tropical Africa. Important from the meteorological point of a view. Subsidence Parameter

22. A new insight: Present what seems to be a new remote sensing method to detect and reveal internal solitary waves. Is it possible for the solitary waves to produce a signature in the surface wind velocity field? Present the wind velocity field in the Mozambique Channel at the surface level for 22 nd of August 2004.

23. A new insight: Mozambique Channel, 22 August 2004

24. A new insight: Mozambique Channel, 22 August 2004

25. Meris High Resolution Image Mozambique Channel, 22 August 2004

26. A new insight: Mozambique Channel, 22 August 2004

27. Conclusions: Mozambique Channel → High potential for internal wave’s study. Importance of the Scorer Parameter to the definition of the waveguide’s properties. Positive correlation between the presence of atmospheric internal waves and high values of the Subsidence Parameter. Atmospheric solitary waves produce a measurable signature in the wind velocity field (Scatterometer /ASAR).