1. *
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Unit 12 Distribution *

2. Distribution How did the merchandise get to the stores?*
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Distribution
How did the merchandise get to the stores?
Where is the merchandise kept before it goes to the store?
How does the owner of a store know when to order more merchandise? *

3. Unit 12 Vocabulary Agents Basic Stock List Blind Check Method*
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Unit 12 Vocabulary
Agents
Basic Stock List
Blind Check Method
Bonded Warehouse
Brick-and-mortar Retailers
Carload
Centralized Buying
Channel of Distribution
Common Carriers
Consignment Buying
Contract Carriers
Cycle Counts
Decentralized Buying
Direct Check Method
Direct Distribution
Distribution Center
Dollar Control
Drop Shippers
E-marketplace
E-tailing
Exclusive Distribution
Exempt Carriers
Freight Forwarders
Indirect Distribution
Integrated Distribution
Intensive Distribution
Intermediaries
Inventory
Inventory Management
Inventory Turnover
Just-In-Time (JIT) Inventory System
Memorandum Buying
Model Stock List *

4. Unit 12 Vocabulary Never-out List Organizational Buyers*
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Unit 12 Vocabulary
Never-out List
Organizational Buyers
Open-to-buy (OTB)
Perpetual Inventory System
Physical Distribution
Physical Inventory System
Preretailing Marketing Method
Private Carriers
Private Warehouse
Public Warehouse
Quality Check Method
Rack Jobbers
Real-time Inventory Systems
Receiving Record
Retail Buyers
Retailers
Reverse Auction
Selective Distribution
Six-month Merchandising Plan
Source Marketing
Spot Check Method
Stockkeeping unit (SKU)
Storage
Ton-mile
Transportation
Unit Control
Want Slips
Wholesale Buyers
Wholesalers *

5. Unit 12 Essential Question*
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Unit 12 Essential Question
How is distribution knowledge utilized to manage supply-chain activities? *

6. Essential Question 1 Distribution*
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Essential Question 1 Distribution
What is the nature and scope of channel management? *

7. Adding Value Place UTILITY
Location – having the product where customers can buy it
Time UTILITY
Having the product available when the customer wants/needs it
Intermediaries provide value to producers by providing expertise in areas producers do not have such as displaying, merchandising, providing convenient shopping locations and hours for customers.

8. Functions of Channel Members
Provide marketing information
Producers rely on market research to determine their target markets’ needs and wants
Promote products
Producers rely on retailers to take a large portion of promotion responsibilities
Negotiate with the customers
Different prices are paid by the wholesaler, retailer and consumer based on negotiation

9. Functions of Channel Members
Physical distribution
Channel members move the product through the distribution channels to the consumer
Financing and risk taking:
Moving products through a channel costs money
When channel members work together to finance activities and to assume financial risks, channels will be more effective

10. Channel Management
The channel must be properly managed to be effective
Channel members should
Recognize the importance of their task and make informed decisions
Commitment to quality of the product
Satisfying the target market’s needs and wants
All members cooperate to attain overall channel goals

11. Channel Management If the channel is not effective, conflict occurs…..
Horizontal Conflict occurs between channel members at the same level usually due to business competition
Vertical Conflict occurs between channel members at different levels within the same channel

12. Channel Management Decisions
1. Select Channel Members
Determine the types of members that belong in the channel, as well as the channel length (total number of channel members)
2. Manage Channel Members
Determining channel responsibilities
The company must sell not only through the intermediaries but also to/with them
Partner relationship management (PRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software might be used

13. Channel Management Decisions
3. Motivate Channel Members
Develop a cooperative/collaborative and balanced relationship with the partner
Understand the partner’s customers – their needs, wants, and demands
Understand the partner’s business – operationally and financially and what’s really important to them
Look at the partner’s needs in terms of customer support, technical support, and training

14. Channel Management Decisions
4. Evaluate Channel Members
Produces must evaluate intermediaries performance against such standards as:
Sales quota attainment
Average inventory levels
Customer delivery time
Treatment of damaged and lost goods
Cooperation in promotional programs
Should constantly evaluate the channel:
What is working?
What is not working?
What can be improved?

15. Channel Management Decisions
4. Evaluate Channel Members
Evaluate Risks & Dangers of Distribution Decisions
Transaction costs both apparent & hidden
Risks include loss in transit, destruction, negligence, non-payment and so on.
So, careful choice & evaluation of each & every channel partner is a necessity.

16. Essential Question 2 Distribution*
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Essential Question 2 Distribution
What is the nature of channels of distribution? *

17. Channels of Distribution*
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Agents
Retailers
Indirect
Wholesalers
Channels of Distribution
Manufacturers /
Producers
Direct
Industrial Distributors
Industrial Users *

18. Channel of Distribution*
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Channel of Distribution
Channel of Distribution: The path a product takes from producer or manufacturer to final user. *

19. Direct vs. Indirect Channels*
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Direct vs. Indirect Channels
Direct Distribution: channel that exists when the product is sold from the producer to the final user.
Indirect Distribution: channels that exists when one or more intermediaries: middleman, are involved. The more intermediaries, the longer the channel. *

20. *
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Pg 450 *

21. *
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Pg 451 *

22. Distribution Intensity*
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Distribution Intensity
How widely a product will be distributed.
Intensive Distribution: Involves the use of all suitable outlets for a product.
Selective Distribution: A limited number of outlets in a given geographic area used to sell the product.
Exclusive Distribution: Involves protected territories for distribution of a product in a given geographic area. *

23. Essential Question 3 Distribution*
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Essential Question 3 Distribution
What are the marketing functions of transportation and storage? *

24. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Transportation: The marketing function of moving a product from the place where it is made to the place where it is sold. Involves:
Trucking
Waterway
Air
Railway
Pipeline *

25. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Trucking
Most frequently used form of transportation.
Used primarily for lightweight shipments over moderate distances.
Accounts for 80% of shipments weighing less than 1000 pounds. *

26. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Rail Transportation
Major type of transportation in the United States.
Used for moving heavy and bulky freight. *

27. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Water Transportation
One of the oldest forms of transportation.
Primary means of international distribution. *

28. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Pipelines
Normally owned by the company using them.
Most frequently used to transport oil and natural gas. *

29. Modes of Transportation*
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Modes of Transportation
Air Transportation
Used to ship high-value low-weight items.
Greatest advantage is speed.
Greatest disadvantage is cost. *

30. *
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Storage
Warehousing
Private Warehouse: Facility designed to meet the needs of its owner.
Public Warehouse: Storage and handling facilities to any individual or company that will pay for its use.
Distribution Center: Warehouse designed to speed delivery of goods and to minimize storage costs.
Bonded Warehouse: Stores products that require the payment of a federal tax. Products may not be moved until the tax is paid. *

31. Essential Question 4 Distribution*
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Essential Question 4 Distribution
What are the common terms associated with buying and shipping? *

32. Buying Retail Buyers: Purchase goods for resale.*
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Buying
Retail Buyers: Purchase goods for resale.
Consignment Buying: Goods are paid for only after the final customer purchases them.
Memorandum Buying: Occurs when the supplier agrees to take back any unsold goods by a certain pre-established date.
Reverse Auction: Companies post what they want to buy and suppliers bid for the contract. *

33. *
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Shipping
Common Carriers: Provides transportation services to any business in their operating area.
Contract Carrier: For-hire carriers that provide equipment and drivers for specific routes.
Private Carrier: Transport goods for an individual business.
Ton-mile: The movement of one ton of freight one mile.
Freight Forwarder: Private companies that combine less-than-carload or less-than-truckload shipments from several different businesses and deliver them to their destinations. *

34. Essential Question 5 Distribution*
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Essential Question 5 Distribution
What is the receiving process? *

35. Receiving Process The receiving process: Receive the goods*
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Receiving Process
The receiving process:
Receive the goods
Check the goods
Mark the goods (if necessary)
Deliver the goods for use, storage, or sale *

36. Essential Question 6 Distribution*
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Essential Question 6 Distribution
How is technology used in channel management? *

37. *
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Inventory Management
Inventory management: Finding and maintaining inventory levels that are neither too small nor too large. *

38. *
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Tracking Inventory
Keeping tabs on how much inventory you have is the first step in controlling inventory levels. *

39. *
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Tracking Inventory
Physical Inventory Systems: Looks at how much inventory is on hand and compares it to what is wanted on hand.
Perpetual Inventory Systems: As inventory is sold, it is subtracted from the inventory list. As new inventory arrives, it is added.
Just-in-time (JIT) Inventory Systems: The responsibility of inventory is shifted to the vendor and is delivered just before it is used. *

40. *
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Inventory Costs
Financing Costs: The interest you pay to borrow money to purchase inventory.
Opportunity Cost: Loss of the use of money tied up in inventory.
Storage Costs: The amount of money spent on renting or buying the space needed to store the inventory. *

41. *
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Inventory Costs
Insurance Costs: The amount spent to insure the inventory on hand against loss.
Shrinkage Costs: Money lost when inventory items are broken, damaged, spoiled, or stolen.
Obsolescence Costs: Money lost when products or materials become obsolete while in inventory. *

42. Essential Question 7 Distribution*
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Essential Question 7 Distribution
How does distribution affect the cost of products? *

43. *
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Distribution Costs
Many factors go into determining the distribution costs of a product:
Channel or channels used
Transportation method used
Intensity of distribution
Inventory costs
Who does the selling
Buying and shipping
Economic issues *

44. Essential Question 8 Distribution*
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Essential Question 8 Distribution
What are the distinguishing characteristics of retailers, wholesalers, agents, and brokers? *

45. *
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Channel Members
Retailers: Sell products to the final consumer for personal use.
Brick-and-mortar retailers: Sell products to the consumer from their own physical store.
E-tailing: Involves retailers selling products to the consumer over the internet. *

46. *
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Channel Members
Wholesalers: Businesses that buy large quantities of goods from manufacturers, store the goods, and then resell them to other businesses – also referred to as distributors.
Rack jobbers: Manage inventory and merchandising for retailers by counting stock, filling it in when needed, and maintaining store displays.
Drop shippers: Own the goods they sell but do not physically handle the actual products. *

47. *
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Channel Members
Agents: Act as intermediaries by bringing buyers and sellers together.
Independent Manufacturers’ Representatives: Works with several related (but not competing) manufactures in a specific industry. They are paid commissions based on what they sell.
Brokers: Brings buyers and sellers together in order to make a sale. They negotiate the sale, are paid a commission, and then look for other customers. *

48. Essential Question 9 Distribution*
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Essential Question 9 Distribution
How does customer service affect channel management? *

49. Actions to Facilitate Order Processing
Customer
Call Center
Online Order
Warehouse
Actions to Facilitate Order Processing
Inventory Check
NO: Customer Notified of Backorder
Items
in Stock?
YES: Item Packed for Shipment
Accounts Receivable Processes Payment
Item Shipped

50. Customer Service Affects
Ensures timely delivery of products
Ensures effective customer communication
Order processing
Correct shipping information
Correct products
Handling complaints
Reducing the probability of complaints
Nice and friendly people

51. Customer Service Affects
Treat channel members as customers
Follow up with customers after the sale
Answer customer questions honestly and correctly
Handle customer problems professionally and within company guidelines
Make sure customers have a positive experience