1. State of the Art study
- ENHANCING HINTERLAND CONNECTIONS: TRANSPORT LINKAGES WITH ROAD AND RAIL -

2. Content :
1. Introduction a) What is Hinterland connections? b) Basic definitions 2. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries a) Romania b) Slovakia c) Hungary d) Austria e) Serbia f) Bulgaria 3. Hinterland connections projects relevant to DaHar 4. Best practices 5. Benchmark 6. Conclusion

3. What is “Hinterland connections” ?
Hinterland connections of the port are the collection of infrastructure enabling products to be transported to and from the port. Hinterland connections include all modes of transport. The availability, capacity and quality of the hinterland connections determine to a large extent the competitiveness of a port (Methodological guide)
A port’s ‘hinterland’ is the area inland from the port to which imports are distributed and from which exports are collected. For a number of reasons, not least the limited extent and quality of inland transport networks and restrictions on cross border movements, ports traditionally each tended to have a relatively clearly defined independent hinterland. This situation changed considerably in the second half of the 20th century as a consequence of infrastructural, political and technological developments, when it is no longer possible to talk about captive traffic in a port but rather volatile traffic which can be captured by several ports.

4. Basic definitions Freight Transport System
A system that transfers goods between points of origin and destinations, generally defined as nodes. Activities, such as consolidation, sorting, storage and transshipment between vehicles and traffic modes, are carried out in nodes.
A node
is a transshipment location in the network of the transport firms. The nodes are points of consolidation and distribution in the networks of the transport firms.
Gateway
A gateway is a broad termination for a node in the transport systems. It can be an international container port, a terminal for combined goods, or a transport and logistics centre. A gateway secures consolidation of goods, knowledge, information systems etc, and is thus in charge of the coupling of the regional transport flow in the global transport system.

5. Basic definitions An Inland Port, a Dryport
is located inland, generally far from seaport/ riverport terminals. They supply regions with an intermodal terminal or a merging point for different traffic modes.
The Dryports are mostly located interior to the coast, thus the name Dryport, but it does not exclude cities with sea access.
A transport-logistics centre
is a zoned region, in which a great number of transport and logistics firms and their sub-contractors are located. A transport-logistics centre is characterized through specialization, coherence between the firms and the level of activity.
A terminal
has facilities that enable shift between transport modes, typically in connection with transport of carriers (containers, swap bodies, semi-trailer). Examples of terminals: Ro-Ro berths, container ports, ferry ports, bulk ports, terminals for combined transport Ro-La.

6. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries
European corridors

7. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries
Romania – Galati port
Located on the left bank of the Danube at 150 Km (81 nautical miles) from the Black Sea, at the confluence of the Danube with Siret and Prut rivers, 200 Km (124 miles) North-East of the capital Bucharest, on the border with Ukraine and Republic of Moldova.
Infrastructure by water : Situated along the Danube (Corridor 7) but not on the main route : the 64 km canal Cernavoda – Constanta reduces the distance to the Black Sea with 400 km; However, easy accessible for delivering goods (example: providing raw materials for the steel / shipyard industry or off- loading bulk for agricultural purposes);
Has four terminals:
- Docks Terminal for general cargo and containers
- New Basin Terminal for general cargo
- Oil Terminal for oil products
- Mineral Terminal – serving the Arcelor Mittal Steel Plant and a CONTAINER TERMINAL
Infrastructure by road : About km away from Corridor 4 and Corridor 9, with roads of moderate quality - national road DN 2B;
Infrastructure by rail : railway transport within the region is linked both to the wide gauge railway line used in Moldavia, Ukraine, Russia and some Asian countries as well as the standard European railway network;
Infrastructure by air : Nearest international airports (Bucharest, Constanta) at substantial distance (more than 200 Km.)

8. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries
Romania – Giurgiu port complex
Port of Giurgiu Ramadan - for general cargo and passengers
Cioroiu Giurgiu Port oil terminal (Ploieşti - Bucharest - Giurgiu)
Plantelor Channel commercial port - for general goods and leisure activities
water infrastructure - Giurgiu port complex is located along the Danube Corridor 7, with access to the Danube - Black Sea channel;
road infrastructure – Giurgiu port is located on the European Corridor 9 (Ruse – Giurgiu - Bucharest), with links to European Corridor 4 (Giurgiu - Bucharest,Giurgiu - Ruse).
rail infrastructure – The rail device of the port provides a link with the national railway network (Giurgiu-Bucharest, Giurgiu - Craiova), and therefore, the European railway system.
air infrastructure – Giurgiu port is located at 80 km from Otopeni International Airport, and approx. 10 km away from Ruse city (Bulgaria).

9. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries
Slovakia
Port of Bratislava
Port of Komarno
Infrastructure by water : Situated on the left bank of the Danube, river kilometer 1886 (Corridor 7)
Infrastructure by road : direct connection to Corridor 4 and Corridor 5
Infrastructure by rail: port is included in the network of European railway lines: C-E63, C-E61
Infrastructure by air: Nearest international airports are Bratislava airport (7km), Vienna airport 70km) Košice airport (more than 400 km).

10. Status quo of Hinterland connections in the DaHar countries
Austria
Port of Ennshafen
Infrastructure by water : Situated on the Rhine-Main-Danube waterway
Infrastructure by road : connected to international motorway network via the A1 west motorway,the B1 Vienna road and the B309a (Enns-Steyr).
Infrastructure by rail: connected to the north-south railway from the Baltic to the Adriatic Sea
Infrastructure by air: Nearest international airports is Linz (15 km) and Vienna airport

11. Hinterland connections projects relevant to DaHar
Romania – Giurgiu port
D.A.N.U.B.E. –“Danube Access Network – Unlocking Bottlenecks in Europe, by developing a high – quality TEN-T ports infrastructure in Romania, on optimal economic terms”, in the field of trans European network (TEN-T)”.
“Ship waste taking over and processing system and intervention in case of pollution on the sector of the Danube administered by CN APDF SA Giurgiu”.
Development of a future container terminal that can be promoted within a European funding program, or through a public-private partnership.
Slovakia – Port of Bratislava
“The study of possibilities for intermodal transport in Western Slovakia Region”
Bratislava intermodal terminal is planned as a tri-modal terminal located in Bratislava port. This terminal will have the water, road and rail connection and with the others terminals (Leopoldov, Žilina, Košice) will create the basic infrastructure for intermodal transport development.

12. Hinterland connections projects relevant to DaHar
Hungary
Produna: improving domestic inland waterway traffic (management, promotion, education and training, operational issues).
Platina (NAIADES): The NAIADES action plan is a Commission initiative to enhance the use of inland navigation as part of intermodal freight solutions
Watermode: promoting the coordination between actors dealing with logistics for a better management of the transport policies and an efficient implementation of the multimodal logistics cooperation.
Hajózzunk a Dunán! - related to TEN-T.
WANDA: protection of the river Danube from pollution in order to preserve its valuable ecosystem and water resources and the establishment of a cross-border coordinated ship waste management system along the Danube.
RISING: RIS Services for Improving the Integration of Inland Waterway Transports into Intermodal Chains
Newada: Network of Danube Waterway Administrations developing transnational partnerships on matters of strategic importance, in order to improve the territorial, economic and social integration process and to contribute to cohesion, stability and competitiveness of the region.
IRIS Europe II: RIS Europe I - closed at the end of 2008 after a duration of three years. IRIS Europe II continues
NELI: Cooperation-Network for Logistics and nautical education focusing on Inland Waterway Transport in the Danube corridor supported by innovative solutions.

13. Hinterland connections projects relevant to DaHar
Austria – Port of Ennshafen
Development of Pyhrn-Schober-Axis with future areas (Rhine-Mine-Danube, Baltic Sea, Balkans) important for the economy of Upper Austria;
Future Project – East-bypass of Linz (capital city of Upper Austria) Feasibility study about the corridor A7 (Mühlkreisautobahn) connection to A1 western highway – as street hinterland connection (A7/A1 – Ennshafen);
Pro Danube Austria Association focused on the increase of competitiveness of Inland Navigation;
KoLEG Study – combined liner service between Ennshafen / Galati For the promotion of Inland Waterway as transport mode

14. Best practices European Union transport policy
As a consequence of continued globalization of logistics activity, increasing evidence of climate change, adoption of new technologies, the EU opinion is that a “broader, more flexible transport policy toolbox is needed”. The policy will focus on sustainable mobility, though there is still tension between the efforts to promote economic growth and improve accessibility and the stated need to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and the associated greenhouse gas emissions.
Concept of ‘co-modality’, defined as the optimal and sustainable use and combination of the various modes of transport, in combination with measures to fully internalize the costs of the different modes.
White Paper on Transport 2011
Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area - Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system :
- No more conventionally-fuelled cars in cities.
- 40% use of sustainable low carbon fuels in aviation; at least 40% cut in shipping emissions.
- A 50% shift of medium distance intercity passenger and freight journeys from road to rail and waterborne transport.
- All of which will contribute to a 60% cut in transport emissions by the middle of the century.
TEN-T programme
The TEN-T programme consists of hundreds of projects – defined as studies or works – whose ultimate purpose is to ensure the cohesion, interconnection and interoperability of the trans-European transport network, as well as access to it
NAIADES and NAIADES II
The European Commission adopted an action programme on the promotion of inland waterway transport called NAIADES (Navigation and Inland Waterway Action and Development in Europe).

15. Best practices Romanian transport policy
Sectoral Operational Programme TRANSPORT 2007 – 2013
The SOPT is the instrument that elaborates upon the objectives of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF), establishing priorities, goals and the allocation of funds for development of the transport sector in Romania.
Slovak Transport Policy
Operational Programme Transport 2007 – 2013
The Operational Programme Transport (hereinafter referred to as „OPT“) represents the programme document of the Slovak Republic for drawing on the EU funds in the transport sector for the years 2007 to 2013.
Hungarian Transport Policy
Hungarian Transport Policy – HTP 19/2004(III.26) OGY – ( ) and, the Unified Transport Development Strategy – UTDS ( ). The general objectives of Hungarian Transport policy determined in HTP and approved by the Parliament are as follows:
- Improvement of the quality of life, preservation of health, reduction of regional disparities, increasing the safety of transportation, protection of built-in and natural environment;
- Improvement and extension of connection to the neighboring countries;
- Promotion of the implementation of regional development objectives;
- Creating the conditions for efficient operation and maintenance by regulated competition.

16. Presented in the SoA TG2 in details
Benchmark ENHANCING HINTERLAND CONNECTIONS - comparison Passau-Regensburg/ Rotterdam ports
Presented in the SoA TG2 in details

17. Conclusion: emerging ideas from SoA TG2
Interrelationships with existing policies – to ensure that hinterland connections of seaports/ inland ports are well integrated into transport development strategic plans at national and international levels
An agreed set of policy objectives - to explore frameworks within which port managers could be encouraged to minimize the negative impacts of port hinterland flows by making use of a network of hub and feeder ports, promoting co-modality and placing greater emphasis on rail and waterborne modes, as well as enhance the efficiency of utilization and operation of each transport mode for hinterland flows
Adoption of policies and initiatives appropriate to the situation - It is important to recognize the varying characteristics, and therefore the appropriateness of potential solutions, for different parts of the DaHar ports. The provision of suitable transport infrastructure to cater for port hinterland (and other) transport flows is clearly important and, in some cases, new and improved infrastructure will be appropriate.
Measures to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impacts (short term and long term) - to encourage better coordination of increases of container ships’ carrying capacities with ports infrastructure and their hinterland connections

18. Thank you for your attention !