1. Learning About the Reproductive Systems
Unit 4, Lesson 20
National Health Standards 1.5 and 6.1

2. Puberty in Females Puberty Estrogen
Growth and development of human bodies capable of producing offspring
Estrogen
Hormone produced in ovaries that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and affects menstrual cycle

3. Secondary Sex Characteristics
Physical and emotional changes occurring during puberty
Widening of hips, breast development, beginning of menstruation, pubic and underarm hair

4. Accept physical changes
Most noticeable between ages of 8 and 15
Affected by heredity, diet, health status, and health habits
Body image – perception of one’s appearance

5. The Female Reproductive System
External Reproductive Organs
Mons veneris
Fatty tissue covering the front of the pubic bone
Serves as a protective cushion for internal organs
Labia majora
Heavy folds of skin surrounding the opening of the vagina

6. Labia minora Two smaller folds of skin located within the labia majora
Clitoris and openings of the urethra and vagina located here

7. Clitoris Hymen Small structure above urethra opening
Thin membrane stretching across the opening of the vagina 1 1

8. Internal Reproductive Organs
Ovaries
Glands that produce ova and estrogen
In lower abdomen
Born with 200,000 – 400,000 immature ova
About 375 of these will mature and be released in a lifetime

9. Ovulation Fallopian tubes
release of mature ovum from one of the ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Tube through which ovum moves from ovaries to the uterus
Each tube about 4 inches long

10. Close to an ovary
End of each tube shaped like a funnel
Where fertilization usually occurs
If ovum not fertilized, disintegrates and leaves body

11. Uterus
Muscular organ that receives and supports fertilized ovum
Contracts during childbirth
Cervix
Lowest part of uterus connecting to the vagina

12. Vagina Muscular tube connecting the uterus to the outside of the body
Organ for sexual intercourse
Birth canal
Passageway for menstrual flow
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13. Female Reproductive Health
Pads, panty shields or liners, and tampons
Used to absorb menstrual flow
Reduce cramps
Warm bath
Moderate exercise
Reduce caffeine intake

14. Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Physical and mental symptoms affecting a female a week to 10 days prior to menstruation
Weight gain, bloating, cramping, swollen breasts, headache, backache, constipation, mood swings, cravings, anxiety, depression

15. Missed menstrual cycle
Amenorrhea – absence of menstruation
Underdeveloped reproductive organs, poor general health, emotional health
Overtraining, eating disorders, drastic weight loss, anemia, reduction in red blood cell levels caused by stress, pregnancy

16. Pelvic examination Yeast Infection
Pap smear - screening test in which cells scraped from cervix examined to detect cervical cancer
Yeast Infection
Vaginal infection caused by a fungal organism
Thick malodorous discharge, labia and vaginal itching, painful urination

17. Toxic Shock Syndrome
Severe illness when vaginal bacteria secretes a toxin and gets into bloodstream
Occurs in females using tampons

18. Female Infertility Impaired ability to get pregnant
Not the same as sterility
Ovulation – biggest factor

19. Protecting Reproductive Health
Practice abstinence from sex
Ask doctor
Practice good menstrual hygiene habits
Choose habits to lessen cramps
Keep record of menstrual cycle
Perform monthly breast self-exam
Seek medical help when signs of infection

20. Breast Cancer Most common type of cancer in women Risk factors:
Being over 50; having no pregnancies; first child after 30; family history
Complete self-exam; regular medical check-ups

21. Options in treatment of breast cancer:
Lumpectomy – lump and small amount of surrounding tissue removed
Partial mastectomy – lump, some breast tissue, lining over chest muscles under the tumor, and some lymph nodes are removed

22. Total mastectomy – entire breast and possibly a few lymph nodes removed
These procedures often followed by radiation or chemotherapy
Early detection and treatment increases chances of successfully treating breast cancer

23. The Menstrual Cycle Usually occurs every 28 days
Length and regularity vary
Menstruation often lasts 5 days
Days 1-5 – Menstruation
Days 6-12 – uterine lining thickens preparing for ovulation and possible pregnancy

24. Days – Ovulation
Days – Corpus luteum (temporary gland secreting progesterone) secretes hormones to support pregnancy
Created when burst follicle closes
Progesterone – hormone that changes the lining of the uterus

25. Days 21- 28 – corpus luteum disintegrates if ovum not fertilized
Progesterone no longer secreted
Cells in lining of uterus die
Unfertilized ovum disintegrates
Menstrual cycle begins again

26. Puberty in Males
Pituitary gland increases production of luteinizing hormone
Travels through bloodstream to testes causing them to secrete testosterone
Testosterone hormone that produces make secondary sex characteristics

27. Secondary sex characteristics:
Taller, longer and heavier bones, broader shoulders, deepening voice, facial, pubic, and body hair growth, formation of sperm, enlargement of external sex organs

28. Changes occur between ages 12 and 15
Affected by: heredity, diet, health habits, and health status

29. The Male Reproductive System
External Reproductive Organs
Penis
Used for urination and reproduction
Scrotum
Sac-like pouch hanging under the penis
Holds the testes
Helps regulate the temperature of the testes

30. 3 3

31. Sperm Male reproductive cells
Made up of a head – containing the nucleus of the cell, a body, and a tail
About 1/6000th of an inch long
Make up 2 – 5% of semen
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32. Internal Male Reproductive Organs
Testes
Divided into several sections filled with seminiferous tubules – coiled tubules where sperm are produced
Spermatogenesis – process by which sperm are produced
A result of a hormone produced by the pituitary gland
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33. Epididymis
comma shaped structure along the upper rear surface of the testes
Sperm mature here
Some are stored here, but most move to the vas deferens

34. Vas deferens
Two long, thin tubes – passageway and a storage space for sperm
Extend from epididymis into the abdomen
Walls are lined with cilia

35. Contractions of vas deferens and action of cilia move sperm 6
Contractions of vas deferens and action of cilia move sperm
Circle the bladder and connect with ducts of the seminal vesicles to form ejaculatory duct 6

36. Seminal vesicles
Two elongated sac-like glands at base of bladder secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes sperm and helps them move
Make up 60% of fluid in ejaculate

37. Ejaculatory duct
Short straight tube passes into prostate gland and opens into the urethra
Urethra serves as passageway for sperm and urine to leave the body

38. Prostate gland Produces a fluid that keep sperm alive
About the size of a chestnut
Located beneath the bladder and surrounds the urethra

39. Cowper’s glands Located beneath the prostate gland
Two small glands about the size of peas
Secrete a clear, lubricating fluid into the urethra as part of the semen

40. Semen Fluid released by the reproductive tract
Contain sperm and fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate glands, and Cowper’s glands

41. Erection
Process that occurs when the penis swells with blood and elongates
May be followed by ejaculation

42. Ejaculation Passage of semen from the penis
Result of involuntary muscular contractions
Penis will return to non-erect state after ejaculation

43. Circumcision Surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis
Usually performed second day after delivery
May reduce the risk of urinary infections and cancer of the penis

44. Males without foreskin removed should pull back skin to clean well to prevent smegma from collecting
Smegma is a substance that forms under the foreskin, consisting of dead skin and other secretions. 7
7 Meeks, Linda. Heit, Philip. Page, Randy. Health and Wellness. McGraw-Hill Glencoe p. 238.

45. Inguinal hernia
During development, testes pass from abdomen into scrotum through the inguinal canal
During 7th month of pregnancy, the canal closes to keep the intestines from passing into the scrotum

46. Sometimes canal doesn’t close completely and intestines pass into the canal
This causes a inguinal hernia
Can be painful
Can be repaired surgically

47. Mumps cause sterility after puberty?
Mumps are a viral infection affecting the salivary glands
Mumps usually occur during childhood
There is a vaccine to prevent mumps
Mumps “can” affect the testes

48. Virus causes swelling of testes – the seminiferous tubules “may” be crushed, causing them to be incapable of producing sperm
This will cause sterility – inability to produce offspring

49. Digital Rectal Examination
Used to examine males for symptoms of prostate cancer
Physician inserts a finger into the rectum and examines the internal reproductive organs and the rectum

50. American Cancer Society recommends male over the age of 40 have an annual digital rectal exam
Prostate cancer is 2nd most common cancer in males
An enlarged prostate is a major symptom of this cancer

51. Testicular Self-Examination
Testicular cancer is one of most common cancers among males 15 – 34
Best way to detect is to perform a self-exam
Check for lumps or tenderness
If detected early, high rate of cure

52. Male infertility
Infertility means the ability to produce offspring is impaired
Prime cause among males concern the sperm
Sperm can be affected by mumps, STDs, injuries, or hormone disorders

53. Some risks can be controlled
Exposure to STDs
Tobacco and marijuana use
Intense exercise over a period of time
Excessive use of alcohol

54. Protecting Male Reproductive Health
Practice abstinence from sex
Bend at knees, keeping back straight
Wear protective clothing when participating in sports and physical activities

55. Perform testicular examinations
Regular medical check-ups
Seek medical help when signs of infection are present
Bathe or shower daily
Maintain a positive body image