1. OCEAN FORMATION How did the oceans form??

2. Earth is approximately 4.6 Billion Years Old Earth is a closed system with water never leaving our planet. So how did we get water on Earth? Early Earth Discussion:

3. Early Earth was too hot for oceans. Consisted of molten rock. As Earth cooled over time, the surface solidified (hardened). Oceans formed 2 possible ways: – Comets – Volcanism Formation of Oceans Notes:

4. Volcanic eruptions brought magma and gases to the surface through a process called outgassing. Gases: Water Vapor Sulfur Dioxide Carbon Dioxide The water vapor condensed and this was Earth’s first liquid water. Volcanism: Notes:

5. More water vapor came from asteroids and comets that crashed into Earth than volcanoes. Comets hit the Earth and released water the water filled the ocean basins over geologic time. Comets and Asteroids: Notes:

6. MOTION OF THE OCEAN

7. TYPES: Deep Water Affected by: -Density  convection currents -Temp and salinity Salinity When water freezes the salt in the water does not freeze but stays in the unfrozen water. The dense polar water sinks and begins the deep water currents. Temperature When water cools, it contracts and the water molecules move closer together. This contraction makes he water denser and sinks. When it expands, the molecules move farther apart making it less dense and rise to the top.

8. ICE CUBE LAB Freshwater Cup As the ice cube melts, the cold melt water from the ice cube sinks to the bottom of the cup forcing the water from the bottom of the cup to move toward the surface which transfers its heat to the ice cube, causing it to melt faster.

9. ICE CUBE LAB Salt Water Cup Meanwhile in the saltwater, the cold freshwater from the ice cube floats on top of the saltwater. Thus the ice cube sits in a pool of cold water, blocking the heat from the saltwater from getting to the ice cube.

10. ICE CUBE LAB Why is this important: -It demonstrates the layers of the ocean. -It demonstrates deep water ocean circulation with convection currents

11. UPWELLING Upwelling - deep ocean water rises to the surface. Strong winds blow surface water away from shore that allows deeper water to flow to the surface and take its place. An upwelling occurs when deep ocean water rises to the surface. When water comes up from the deep, it brings a lot of nutrients with it. That’s because nutrients settle to the bottom over time. The nutrients brought to the surface support many living things.

12. TYPES: Surface Water Affected by: -Air currents -Waves -Earth’s rotation -Coriolis effect -Location of the continents -Tides -Seismic Activity -Tsunamis

13. Waves Most ocean waves are caused by winds. A wave is the transfer of energy through matter. Ocean waves transfer energy from wind through water. The energy of a wave may travel for thousands of miles. However, the water itself moves very little. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsSiMIYi aUc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yPTa8qi 5X8

14. Tides Tides are changes in the rise and fall of sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun. They occur all around the globe. High tides occur when the water reaches its highest level. Low tides occur when the water reaches its lowest level. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsSiMIYi aUc

15. Coriolis Effect The Coriolis effect describes how Earth’s rotation deflects winds and surface ocean currents. Coriolis causes freely moving objects to appear to move to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The objects themselves are actually moving straight, but the Earth is rotating beneath them, so they seem to bend or curve. http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-coriolis- effect-4407/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sayCU1 TNyg