1. Introduction to Dentures
Lecturer
Hatem Dousouky Ahmad

2. Terminology Prosthetics Prosthesis Prosthodontics Dentulous Edentulous
Partially edentulous
Complete Denture
Partial Denture
Immediate denture

3. “A prosthesis that replaces the lost natural dentition and associated
Complete Denture
Definitions :
“A prosthesis that replaces the lost natural dentition and associated
structures of the mandible and / or the maxilla “ .
Component Parts :
Denture Base
Denture Flange
Denture Border (Edge)
Denture Surfaces :
Fitting Surface
Polished Surface
Occlusal Surface

4. Complete denture consists of

5. Restoration of mastication.
Objectives in complete denture construction:
Restoration of mastication.
Restoration of facial dimensions and contours.
Restoration of speech.
Restoration of the remaining natural tissues.
Satisfaction and comfort of the patient.

6. Anatomical Landmarks In Relation to Complete Denture:
Extraoral
landmarks
Intraoral landmarks

7. Changes The Happened After Teeth Loss :
Face :

8. Extra Oral Landmarks Inter pupillary line Ala Tragus Line
Naso – Labial sulcus
Philtrum
Labiomental sulcus
Angle of the mouth
Modiolus
Vermillion border

10. Landmarks of Importance in Occlusal Plane Orientation
Interpupillary line
Ala tragus line

11. Landmarks restored by proper lip support
Naso – Labial sulcus
Becomes deeper with age
and with loss of teeth
Philtrum
becomes flat with loss of teeth
Modiolus
moves inwards and downwards
Vermillion border
becomes reduced in size

12. Landmarks restored by Proper Vertical Dimension
Vermillion border
Angle of the mouth
becomes inflammed  angular cheilitis

14. The Labiomental Sulcus
A Landmark helpful in determining the Jaw Relation
Angle Class I
Angle Class II
Angle Class III

15. Intraoral Landmarks Mandible Maxilla Supporting structures
&
Limiting structures
Maxilla
Supporting structures
&
Limiting structures

17. Maxillary Supporting Structures
Incisive Papilla
1 . The incisive papilla is a thick part of the mucous membrane covering
the incisive foramen.
2 . It is located at the anterior end of the median palatine raphae .
3 . The nasopalatine nerves and vessels pass through the incisive foramen
to supply the anterior 2 / 3 of the palate.
4 . In some cases due to the excessive bone resorption, the papilla may lie
on the crest of the ridge.
5 . The incisive papilla should be relieved to avoid pressure on the incisive
nerves and vessels.

18. Cont. max. supporting structures
Palatine Rugae
Rugae Area
1 . It is an irregular shaped elevation of the soft tissue extending
laterally from the midline in the anterior part of the hard palate.
2 . If serves as one of stress bearing area in the palate .

19. Cont. max. supporting structures
Median Palatine Raphae
Median Palatine Raphae
1 . The midline of the hard palate is covered by a thin layer of
mucoperiostium , that covers the median palatine suture .
2 . That suture joins the right and the left halves of the hard palate.
3 . It is usually relieved to increase denture stability by preventing its rocking .

20. Cont. max. supporting structures
Torus Palatinus
When small  relieved
When large  surgical excision

21. Cont. max. supporting structures
Fovea Palatina
Fovia Palatina
1 . It is helps in the determination of the posterior border
of the upper denture.
2 . The posterior border of the upper denture should be 2 mm
posterior to the fovea Palatina .

22. Cont. max. supporting structures
Residual Alveolar Ridge
Residual Alveolar Ridge
1 . It should be firm .
2 . since it is usually well developed, it might
be considered as a primary stress bearing area.

23. Cont. max. supporting structures
Tuberosity
Tuberosity
1 . It is important for retention and support of the upper denture
against lateral movement.
2 . The denture should cover it .

24. Cont. max. supporting structures
Buttress Part Of Bone
Buttress Part Of Bone
1 . It is formed of the lower portion of the zygomatic process of the maxilla
(the area above the first molar teeth) .
2 . It provides excellent resistance to the vertical forces(Support).

25. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Labial Frenum
Labial Frenum
Labial Frenum
It must be relieved in the denture by making a V-shape notch
in the labial flange opposite to its position .

26. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Labial Vestibule
Labial Vestibule
1 . It Is the reflection of the mucosa of the lip to the mucosa of the alveolar process in the labial vestibule.
2 . The denture in this area is in relation to the orbicularis oris and the superior incisive muscles .
3 . These muscles limit the thickness and the length of the labial flange
of the denture.

27. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Buccal Frenum
Buccal Frenum
1 . It is a fold of mucous membrane (tendon of the buccinator muscle)
varies in size in number and in position .
2 . A notch is made in the denture flange opposite to its position to
facilitate its functional movements.

28. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Buccal Vestibule
Buccal Vestibule
1 . The denture in this area is related to buccinator muscle.
2 . Buccal flanges must extend in the buccal vestibule .
3 . Due to the horizontal direction of the fibers of this muscle contraction
of this muscle will not displace the denture.

29. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Hamular Notch
Hamular Notch
1 . It is one of the important landmarks for determination of the posterior
limit of the upper denture .
2 . A straight line from hamular notch on one side to the other on the other
side determine the posterior limit of the upper denture

30. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Vibrating Line
( Ah Line)
Vibrating Line
( Ah Line)
Postdam area
1 . It separate the movable part from the immovable part of the soft palate.
2 . This line is 2mm posterior to the fovea palatine .
3 . This line determines the posterior end of the upper denture.

31. Cont. Maxillary Limiting Structures
Curvature of the soft palate I
Class I  gentle curvature
Class II  medium curvature
Class III  abrupt curvature II
III

34. Denture should be notched
Mandibular Limiting Structures
Labial Frenum
Denture should be notched
opposite to it.
Labial Frenum

35. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Labial Vestibule
Labial Vestibule
Limits the denture flange
thickness and length.

36. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Buccal Frenum
Buccal Frenum
1 . It is a fold of mucous membrane in the premolar area, movement of
the lip and the cheek move the frenum .
2 . A notch is made in the lower denture to accommodate the frenum.

37. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Buccal Vestibule
Buccal Vestibule
1 . The denture in this area is related to the buccinator muscle .
2 . Its contraction does not displace the lower denture so flanges of
the lower denture must extend in the buccal vestibule.

38. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Masseter muscle influencing area
Masseteric notch
Distobuccal area

39. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Posterior end of retromolar pad
Posterior end
of retromolar pad
It constitutes the posterior limit of the lower denture
at which postdamming can be performed.

40. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Palatoglossal arch
Distolingual area
Denture overextension in this
area will cause sore throat.

41. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Lingual Pouch
Lingual Pouch
Lingual pouch
More posteriorly the lingual flanges are related to the lingual pouch with
its boundaries which are :
Posteriorly : The palatoglosssus muscle .
Anteriorly : The Mylohyoid muscle.
Medially : The tongue .
Laterally : The medial aspect of the mandible.

42. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Mylohyoid muscle influencing area
(internal oblique ridge)
Mylohyoid muscle
influencing area
Mylohyoid muscle
influencing area

43. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Sublingual salivary
gland area
Sublingual salivary
gland area
Sublingual salivary
gland area
The lingual flanges of the lower denture should not extend in this area
because with excessive resorption of the mandible the gland may
bulge superiorly above the body of the mandible.

44. Cont. Mandibular Limiting Structures
Lingual Frenum
Lingual Frenum
1 . More anteriorly a fold mucous membrane attach the mucosa of the
tongue tip to mucosa of the floor of the mouth
2 . It moves with the movement of the tongue so a notch is made to
accommodate the frenum.

45. Michael H. Hart (born April 28, 1932 in New York City)
Graduate of the Bronx High School of Science, received his undergraduate degree at Cornell University in mathematics and later earned a Ph.D. in astrophysics at Princeton University. He also holds graduate degrees in physics, astronomy, and computer science, as well as a law degree. He was a research scientist at NASA before leaving to be a professor of physics at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas.

48. منذ سنين وأنت تفخر بأنك مسلم... فماذا فعلت ليفخر الإسلام بك؟؟
عن أبي هريرة رضي الله عنه أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقف على أناس جلوس فقال ( ألا أخبركم بخيركم من شركم ) قال : فسكتوا ، فقال ذلك ثلاث مرات ، فقال رجل : بلى يا رسول الله أخبرنا بخيرنا من شرنا ، قال ( خيركم من يرجى خيره ويؤمن شره وشركم من لا يرجى خيره ولا يؤمن شره ) رواه الترمذي.
أحب العباد إلى الله تعالى أنفعهم لعياله

49. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Residual Ridge
(Fibrous band of
connective tissue)
Residual Ridge
1. It covers the crest of the lower ridge.
2. Its mobility may cause pressure symptoms under the lower denture.
3 . Also can affect denture stability .

50. External oblique ridge
Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
External oblique ridge
External obique ridge

51. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Buccal Shelf Of Bone
Buccal Shelf
Of Bone
1 . The area that lies between the crest of the residual ridge and
the external oblique ridge.
2 . It is the primary stress bearing area in the lower arch .
3 . It forms good support for the lower denture .

52. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Retromolar pad
Retromolar pad
1 . It is a pear shaped area of mucous membrane at the posterior end of the
mandibular ridge and anterior to the pterygo­mandibular raphae .
2 . It consists of mucous glands , temporal tendon , fibers of the
buccinators and superior constrictor muscle .
3 . Lower denture should cover this area for retention and to cover
the buccal shelf of bone (Primary stress bearing area) it act as valve seal
area for the lower denture.

53. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Torus mandibularis
When small  relieved
When large  surgical excision
Torus mandibularis

55. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Internal oblique ridge
If sharp, it should be
surgically reduced.
Internal oblique ridge

56. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Mental foramen
When the ridge is resorbed,
it appears on its crest .
Since it covers nerves,
it should be relieved.

57. Cont. Mandibular Supporting Structures
Genial tubercles
When the ridge resorbed,
it appears on its crest .
It is relieved or better
surgically reduced

59. THANK YOU