1. Binary Trees

2. DCS – SWC 2 Binary Trees Sets and Maps in Java are also available in tree-based implementations A Tree is – in this context – a data structure which allows fast O(log(n)) insertion, deletion and lookup of elements Furthermore, a Tree maintains an ordering of the elements

3. DCS – SWC 3 Binary Trees A Tree can be perceived as a generali- sation of a Linked List:

4. DCS – SWC 4 Binary Trees A Tree consists of nodes, which contain data, and references to (up to) n other nodes –n = 1: Linked List –n = 2: Binary Tree If node A refers to node B, we say that –Node A is the parent of node B –Node B is a child of node A

5. DCS – SWC 5 Binary Trees The node at the top of the tree is called the root node, and does not have a parent The nodes at the edge of the tree are called leaves, and do not have any children Root Leaf

6. DCS – SWC 6 Binary Trees For a node A, we call the set of nodes consisting of the children of A, and the children of the children of A, and so forth, the descendants of A Descendants of 5

7. DCS – SWC 7 Binary Search Trees A Binary Tree is thus a special type of Tree, where each node has (up to) 2 children A Binary Search Tree has some additio- nal properties –The data in each node must be of the type Comparable (i.e. implement the interface) –The nodes must obey certain ordering rules

8. DCS – SWC 8 Binary Search Trees Ordering rules for nodes in a binary search tree: –The data values of all descendants to the left of any node are less than the data value stored in that node –The data values of all descendants to the right of any node are larger than the data value stored in that node –No duplicates allowed

9. DCS – SWC 9 Binary Search Trees All these nodes are smaller than 10 All these nodes are larger than 10

10. DCS – SWC 10 Binary Search Trees Searching in a Binary Search Tree is quite fast: O(log(n)) How do we check if a value v is found in the tree? 1.Set current node N = root node 2.If value(N.data) = v, we are done, else If value(N.data) < v, set N = left child (stop if null) If value(N.data) > v, set N = right child (stop if null) 3.Go to 2

11. DCS – SWC 11 Binary Search Trees public class BinarySearchTree { private Node root; private class Node {...} public BinarySearchTree() {root = null; } public boolean contains(Comparable data) {...} public void add(Comparable data) {...} public void delete(Comparable data) {...} }

12. DCS – SWC 12 Binary Search Trees // NOTE: Inner class, public instance fields OK private class Node { public Comparable data; public Node left; public Node right; public Node(Comparable data) {...} public boolean contains(Comparable data) {...} public void add(Comparable data) {...} public void delete(Comparable data) {...} }

13. DCS – SWC 13 Binary Search Trees // BinarySearchTree implementations public boolean contains(Comparable data) { if (root == null) return false; else return root.contains(); } public void add(Comparable data) { if (root == null) root = new Node(data); else root.add(data); } public void delete(Comparable data) {... }

14. DCS – SWC 14 Binary Search Trees public boolean contains(Comparable v) { if (data.compareTo(v) == 0) return true; Node next; if (data.compareTo(v) < 0) next = left; else next = right; if (next == null) return false; else return (next.contains()); }

15. DCS – SWC 15 Binary Search Trees We can search a Binary Search Tree in O(log(n)), which is fast However, the condition for this ability is that the tree is always ”sorted”, i.e. obeys the ordering rules Adding or deleting an element must preserve this ordering!

16. DCS – SWC 16 Binary Search Trees Adding a new element E with value v is done using a recursive algorithm 1.Set current node N = root node 2.If N = null, replace it with E, else 3.If value(N.data) = v, we are done, else If value(N.data) < v, set N = left child If value(N.data) > v, set N = right child 4.Go to 2

17. DCS – SWC 17 Binary Search Trees public void add(Comparable v) { if (data.compareTo(v) < 0) { if (left == null) left = new Node(v); else left.add(v); } else if (data.compareTo(v) > 0) { if (right == null) right = new Node(v); else right.add(v); }

18. DCS – SWC 18 Binary Search Trees Deletion is actually the hardest part What happens to the children of some deleted node N? We must handle the cases where N has 0, 1 or 2 children 0 children: Easy. Just find N and delete it. Parent reference (if any) to N must be set to null

19. DCS – SWC 19 Binary Search Trees N Before After

20. DCS – SWC 20 Binary Search Trees 1 child: –Fairly easy. Find N and delete it. Parent refe- rence to N must be rerouted to the child of N –Note that if N is the root node, then the child of N becomes the new root node!

21. DCS – SWC 21 Binary Search Trees N Before After C C Note that C may have children itself…

22. DCS – SWC 22 Binary Search Trees 2 children: –Complicated… Idea is to move the node with the next larger value in the tree up to take the position of N –Next larger value is found as the leftmost node in the right subtree of N –Keep going left in that subtree, until a node with no left child is found. Call this node L –Replace N with L

23. DCS – SWC 23 Binary Search Trees Replace N with L –Copy data from L into N (not links!) –Delete original L, following the procedure for deleting a node with zero or a single child (L cannot have a left child) These operations will preserve the ordering properties of the tree

24. DCS – SWC 24 Tree Traversal The fact that a Binary Search Tree is ordered, make certain tasks quite easy For instance, printing out the content of the tree in sorted order

25. DCS – SWC 25 Tree Traversal Printing out a tree in sorted order: –Print out the left subtree –Print out data in the root node –Print out the right subtree Again, a highly recursive algorithm…

26. DCS – SWC 26 Tree Traversal public void printNodes() // Node class { if (left != null) left.printNodes(); System.out.print(data + ” ”); if (right != null) right.printNodes(); }

27. DCS – SWC 27 Tree Traversal // BinarySearchTree class public void printTree() { if (root != null) root.printNodes(); }

28. DCS – SWC 28 Tree Traversal 1 2 3 4 5 7 86

29. DCS – SWC 29 Tree Traversal This is known as in-order tree traversal: –Apply operation to left subtree –Apply basic operation to root –Apply operation to right subtree

30. DCS – SWC 30 Tree Traversal We also have pre-order tree traversal: –Apply basic operation to root –Apply operation to left subtree –Apply operation to right subtree

31. DCS – SWC 31 Tree Traversal 1 2 34 5 78 6

32. DCS – SWC 32 Tree Traversal And finally post-order tree traversal: –Apply operation to left subtree –Apply operation to right subtree –Apply basic operation to root

33. DCS – SWC 33 Tree Traversal 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 6

34. DCS – SWC 34 Tree Traversal What tree traversal method to use depends entirely on your application In-order outputs the content of the tree in sorted order Pre- and post-order do not, but are used for other types of algorithms

35. DCS – SWC 35 Choosing a proper container We have now learned about many types of containers for data Which one is best…? It depends… –Usage scenarios –Data types

36. DCS – SWC 36 Choosing a proper container Issues in choosing a proper container –How do you access the elements? –Does element order matter? –Which operations must be fast? –Choosing between hash tables and trees (when using sets and maps) –Should I supply a comparator (when using trees)?

37. DCS – SWC 37 Choosing a proper container How do you access the elements? –If you need access by a key, you should use a map –If you need access by an index, you should use an array or array list –If you only need to check if an element is already present in your container, you can use a set

38. DCS – SWC 38 Choosing a proper container Does element order matter? –If elements should remain sorted, use a TreeSet –If the order of insertion should be preserved, use a linked list, array or array list –If it does not matter, let other criteria decide your choice

39. DCS – SWC 39 Choosing a proper container Which operations must be fast? –Add and remove at the end of the container, use a linked list –Looking up a value quickly, use a set or map –If it does not matter, let other criteria decide your choice

40. DCS – SWC 40 Choosing a proper container Choosing between hash tables and trees (when using sets and maps) If your elements/keys are strings, use a hash table If your elements/keys are defined by yourself, define proper hashCode and equals methods and use hash tables If your elements/keys are defined by someone else, use hash tables if the hashCode and equals methods are properly defined, otherwise use trees

41. DCS – SWC 41 Choosing a proper container Should I supply a comparator (when using trees)? –If the data type in your tree implements the Comparable interface properly, then no need for further action –If not, you can still use a tree anyway, by supplying a class that implements the Comparator interface, that can compare objects of the type used in the tree

42. DCS – SWC 42 Exercises Review: R16.15 Programming: P16.17, P16.18 Tip: When implementing a Binary Search Tree class, only implement the methods you actually need. For instance, you pro- bably don’t need the remove method…