1. Topographic Maps

2. Scale
Linear Scale
Representative Fraction
Statement of scale

3. Scale If 1cm = 2km on a 1:50,000 scale map
How many cm is 1km on a 1:25,000 scale map?
4cm
Calculate distance
Area
Help to calculate gradient

4. Location

6. Relief describes the lie of the land
CONTOURS
- Show lines of equal height on a map.
LAYER COLOURING
SPOT HEIGHTS / TRIANGULATION POINTS

7. Drawing a cross-section

9. Gradient Gradient is also known as the slope.
Calculate gradient by dividing the difference in elevation between two points by the horizontal distance between the same points.
  An easy way to remember this is to think of dividing the "rise" by the "run" (or "rise over run").
Measure elevation difference using the contour lines (high elevation-low elevation) and the horizontal distance using the map scale.
Make sure that your measurements are in the same units, or convert them to the same units.

10. Which is steeper?
1: : :2?

11. Invisibility

12. Describe relief by... Height of land Slope of the land
Using actual figures taken from contours or spot heights (high & low is meaningless without actual figures)
Slope of the land
Flat or sloping?
What direction do the slopes face? (why significant?)
Gentle or steep?
Bare cliffs / vegetated?
Presence of features? (dry valleys / valleys)

13. The presence of absence & flow of water.
Drainage...
The presence of absence & flow of water.
Describing drainage...
Presence of rivers
Direction of flow
Dense network of rivers?
Single of multi-channelled?
Add names / distances / heights / directions to answers

14. Underground drainage: Patterns of rivers:
Springs / wells
Patterns of rivers:

16. The influence of people
Canals
Embankments
Artificial lakes (dams)

17. Photographs

18. When producing a sketch...
Draw in pencil / label in pen
Draw frame to scale (for map)
Lightly add guidelines
Add title / north arrow / scale
Sketch in coastline (if applicable)
Label / annotate information

19. Rural / Urban Settlements...
Functions of a settlement?

20. Settlements Site Situation
The actual location of a settlement. For example; Toulouse is at Latitude 43,38 ° N, Longitude 1,22 ° E, approximately 580 km south from Paris.
Situation
The location of a settlement in relation to places (human and physical) surrounding it. For example; Toulouse is a city in southwest France on the banks of the Garonne River, half-way between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

21. Location Factors Wet-Point Site Dry-Point Site Building Materials
Defence
Fuel Supply
Food Supplies
Nodal Point
Bridging Point
Shelter
Aspect

22. Settlement patterns...