1. Peter C. Appelbaum www.peterappelbaum.com

2. We Jews all leave for war of our own wish, Joyful to throng around our country’s flag To gain for ourselves – even if fate wills That we pay with our blood – our Fatherland. For Jewish kin have sadly called the land In which we live Stepfatherland: From: ‘To my children,’ Emmanuel Saul, 1915; translation by Peter C. Appelbaum. With permission of the Saul family. Emmanuel Saul

3. Prussian Wars of Liberation (against Napoleon) 1813-1815 Jewish Participants: 731

4. Schleswig-Holstein 1864 Jewish Participants: 194

5. Austria: 1866 Jewish participants: 1,025

6. Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871s Jewish participation: 4,492-15,000

7. Paul Spiegel 19 th Century balloonist (pre-1914)

8. Willy Rosenstein Hermann Goering (left); Willy Rosenstein (middle); Karl Reihm (right)

9. Fritz BeckhardtWilly Frankl

10. RUDOLPH BING, INFANTRY, WF ALBRECHT MUGDEN, INFANTRY, WF (last will and testament)* LUDWIG FRANK, INFANTRY, WF (politician) * ALFRED LICHTENSTEIN, INFANTRY, WF (poet) * LUDWIG HAAS, INFANTRY, EF-EK, (politician) HERMAN STRUCK, INFANTRY, EF-EK (artist) ARNOLD BERNSTEIN, ARTILLERY, WF-EK, etc. (Louvain) PAUL JOSEPHTHAL, CAVALRY, WF-EK, etc. (furunculosis) * Killed in action LUDWIG FRANK ALFRED LICHTENSTEIN LUDWIG HAASHERMAN STRUCK

11. ROBERT ZIEGEL,INFANTRY, WF-EK, etc. (poet)* ALFRED WOLF, INFANTRY, EF/BF/WF-EK, etc ** (put up five times for officers school) WALTHER HEYMANN, CAVALRY, WF (poet) * SIEGFRIED NEUMANN, ARTILLERY, BF/EF/WF-EK, etc.** * Killed in action ** 15-19 years old Walther Heymann

12. SAMMY GRONEMANN, INFANTRY, EF ( Zionist & humorist) ALFRED ZWEIG, INFANTRY, WF (rabbi, served as infantryman) * MARTIN MAY, INFANTRY, WF (POW and escapee) GOLDFELD, INFANTRY, EF (poet) * JULIUS FRANK, INFANTRY, WF (lice/mice) SAMUEL JACOB, INFANTRY, WF (orthodox, poems about Tisha Be’av) KARL SCHWABE, INFANTRY, WF (foul food) KURT JOSEPH, INFANTRY, WF ** * Killed in action ** 15 years old upon entry

13. FRIEDERICH FRANK-WF- OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURE: GERMAN MEDICAL CORPS HELMUT FREUND-EF/WF- GANGRENE/FURUNCULOSIS/INFLUENZA PANDEMIC PAUL TACHAU-WF/EF-VENEREAL DISEASES/ DELOUSING RUSSIAN POW’S ARTHUR STERN-WF/EF-NEUROLOGY SPECIALIST/ WAR TRAUMA TREATMENT ALFRED HARF-EF/WF- FRONTLINE SURGERIES/PRIMITIVE CONDITIONS NATHAN WOLF-WF/BF/OF-EK-BATTLEFIELD SURGEON-LICE/FILTH/TYPHUS; FIGHTS/SHOOTS AND TREATS BRITISH SOLDIERS AT BATTLE OF EL KAFR. PRESENT AT THE RETREAT AFTER FIRST BATTLE OF THE MARNE HUGO NATT-WF/EF-EK-STAFF/REGIMENTAL PHYSICIAN-BATTLE OF THE MARNE/TRENCH WARFARE/EXPOSED SURGERIES/MULTIPLE GASSINGS. NICHT ÄRGERN, NUR WUNDERN!

14. JULIUS WALTER LEVI-WF/BF/EF - MUTILATIONS/MACEDONIAN GIRLS HERBERT CZAPSKI-EF/WF - COLD WATER/ELECTROSHOCK TREATMENTS ADOLPH WISOCKI-WF/EF - COSSACK BARBARISM/JEWISH VICTIMS FRANZ LANGENDORFF-EF/WF - EYE SURGERY; BRAIN/SURGERY POSTMORTEMS; SEDAN SYNAGOGUE VISIT

16. meningitis ? tetanus gas gangrene erysipelas

17. (Unsafe water supply/sewage disposal system)  Typhoid fever Salmonella typhi  Cholera Vibrio cholerae  Dysentery (bacterial and amoebic)  Miscellaneous viral

20. Louise Grafemus Meno Burg Siegismund Samuel Georg Steinberg

22. DR. SIGMUND FEIST’S BERLIN REICHENHEIM ‘ORPHAN BOY’ SOLDIERS (754 LETTERS, LESS THAN 50 SOLDIERS) MUSKETEERS-LEO JARETZKI –EF; ERICH SENFT-KILLED IN ACTION-1915-WF GRENADIERS-FRITZ BECKER -WF DRAGOONS-RICHARD POSNER-WOUNDED/DISFIGURED-E/WF FUSILIERS-HANS SENFT (BROTHER OF ERICH) –WF; JULIUS MARCUS-WF MEDICAL ORDERLIES-ADOLPH WISOCKI, HERBERT CZAPSKI-EF DOG HANDLER-MEDICAL CORPS-ADOLPH LEHMANN-WF INFANTRY-ALFRED ROSEN-WF COMMUNICATIONS SPECIALISTS: EUGEN COHN-WF; KARL LEVIT-E/WF; WALDEMAR COHN-BF; FRANZ EISNER-WF Hank, S., Simon, H., Feldpostbriefe jüdische Soldaten 1914-1918, volumes 1 and 2 (Teetz: Hentrich & Hentrich, 2002)

23. ‘ Woso ? (sic))! Isidor? Yes, Isidor! In his cowardly protection of immunity I call the”child” by its name, Isidor! The “O” should be prolonged and the “R” rolled, in order to give the name inexpressible sweetness and power. The bounty of the East! The gift of the sun-goddess! The German translation must sound similar.’ In a speech in 1928 Goebbels went even further: ‘Such a Jew comes from Galicia with a name Wacholder Trompetenschleim [Juniper Trumpet-slime] and, after only a year, has changed his first name to “Isidor.” After a further year he has changed his surname to “Wei β.” And after another few years this man now sits in the Police Praesidium and asserts that his first name is “Bernhard." ’

24. Lunatic Goy, you stupid creature, you shot the Jew in the back. But the bullet struck you as well! Now say: Do you regret your stupidity? No one will bring your land to blossom again, And no-one will endow it again with soul, spirit, and heart. J. Katznelson, W. Bierman, Dos lied vunem oisgehargetn jüdischen Volk. Gro β er Gesang vom ausgerotteten jüdischen Volk, 6 th edn. (Cologne: Hoffmann und Campe, 2004), p. 165; see G. Römer-Hillebrecht, ‘Epilog: Jüdischer Kosmopolitismus als Chance – die Bedeutung des jüdischen Erbes für die Zukunft Europas,’ in Jüdischer Soldaten, jüdischer Widerestand in Deutschland und Frankreich (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2012), p. 506.