1. GEOG 458/558 Hazards and Risk Management Hurricanes Dr. Christine M. Rodrigue Department of Geography Environmental Science and Policy Program Emergency Services Administration

2. What Are Hurricanes? Tropical Cyclones, Typhoons, Chubascos They are extreme low pressure centers in the tropics, forming somewhere between about 5ºN/S and 30ºN/S They need Coriolis Effect to produce spiraling winds, so they are not found right on the equator They form out of the more common tropical weather feature called an “Easterly wave,” a low pressure trough in the Tropics that moves slowly westward and creates a day or two of rain If an Easterly wave passes over unusually warm ocean water, the trough deepens and deepens until it forms a circular pattern, becoming a tropical depression and then a tropical storm and then … a hurricane

3. Easterly Waves and Hurricanes:

4. What Is a Hurricane? Features They are circular centers of very low pressure, some falling below 920 hPa (as did Katrina). Sandy was ~ 945 hPa This low acts like a vacuum, drawing in winds at very high speeds (118-200+ km/h or 74-155+ mph) The uplift of these winds creates heavy rain through convergence and convection The storm is (usually) rather small, maybe 100-1,000 km in diameter (60-650 miles) They move rather slowly, around 25-30 km/h or 15-20 mph Their greatest peculiarity is the eye: a small area of clear or almost clear, quiet weather in the center (~30-60 km), which can last as much as an hour Wind reversal after the eye passes

5. Structure of a Hurricane: Winds spiral toward the center and are uplifted, creating rainbands and the eyewall. High altitude air in the center spirals out, but some sinks in the center, creating the calm eye of the storm

6. Eyewall of a Hurricane: This is the massive band of cumulo-nimbus clouds surrounding the eye. Winds race into them and are shot upwards, creating cooling, condensation, and massive amounts of precipitation … and the release of latent heat, which only accelerates the uplift of this hot, extremely humid air. Katrina’s is the one on the right.

7. Dangerous Side of a Hurricane: on northeast side, hurricane travel speed adds to the storm’s speed

8. Power Source of a Hurricane: Hot ocean water  evaporation + heating of air. Hot, humid air rises, sucking winds into the storm. The colliding, rising air expands and cools below dew point, so all that water vapor condenses and precipitates. This liberates all the latent heat of evaporation, which accelerates the original uplift. Hot ocean water = power source. Gulf of Mexico was hotter than 85 o F (~30 o C) as Katrina crossed into it!

9. Hurricane Season: Since hurricanes depend on hot ocean water, there is a definite hurricane season, running from June 1 st to November 30 th. There is a lag to allow the ocean waters to heat up enough after the spring equinox and to cool down after the fall equinox, and to allow summer- heated waters to move away and cool along the Gulf Stream

10. Gloal Geography of Hurricanes: This is a hurricane mashup map of hurricane tracks from 1851 to 2005, showing the narrow band of origin, the westward tracking, the poleward bend out at sea or ashore, and their absence along the equator

11. Geography of Atlantic Hurricanes: This is a hurricane track map for 2010, showing the narrow band of origin, the westward tracking, and the poleward bend out at sea or ashore

12. Geography of Hurricane Hits in US: These are the continental states with “Hurricane Coast” exposure.

13. Multiple Hazards of a Hurricane Extreme winds, even worse on the “dangerous” side Tornadoes are often spawned on the dangerous side Lightning strikes Water contamination (toxins, mosquito-borne diseases) Freshwater flooding –Torrential rains (which is what kills most people in hurricanes, e.g., the 10,000 who died in Hurricane Mitch back in 1998) –Lake waves, as in Lac Pontchartrain, coming back at New Orleans from the northwest Saltwater flooding –High waves driven by high winds going over a long “fetch” for a long time as the storm approaches –The storm surge A dome of water pulled up under the low pressure of the storm! A wad of water bunched up by the dangerous side winds to the right and front of the storm

14. Hurricane Storm Surge: The surge is a dome of water formed by hurricane low pressure and sculpture by the spiraling winds. It can be 25 feet high and 1,000 miles in diameter. With high or low tides factored in, the storm surge creates a storm tide. A 2 foot high tide + a 15 foot surge = 17 foot storm tide.

15. Hurricane Storm Surge: The surge produces higher surf when the continental shelf offshore slopes gently than when it slopes steeply: There is more time for friction with the seabed to slow the waves, which increases their amplitude, so that they form big breakers.

16. Hurricane Storm Surge: This animation shows the storm surge forming in front of and to the right of a hypothetical hurricane striking a little east of Hurricane Katrina. The hurricane’s location is shown by the circle.

17. Hurricane Classification Classifying the size of an extreme natural event is a common goal of the various disaster sciences Classification can be done by magnitude, which measures the actual energy released in the event –Earthquake moment magnitude scale and the older Richter scale measure energy release –Floods can be classified by discharge and expected recurrence interval Classification can also be done by intensity, which groups events in terms of observed effects on humans and their assets –Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale for earthquakes –Saffir-Simpson Intensive Scale for hurricanes

18. Hurricane Classication: Saffir-Simpson Scale (Katrina in Yellow, Sandy in Green, Haiyan in Red) TypeDamagePressureWindSurge DepressionEasterly wave develops circular isobars Tropical stormmany hurricane traits but wind is not strong enough yet Category 1minimal> 980 mb< 118 km/h1.25-1.75 m Category 2moderate965-980 mb118-154 km/h1.75-2.75 m Category 3extensive945-965 mb154-178 km/h2.75-4.00 m (Sandy) Category 4extreme920-945 mb178-210 km/h4.00-5.50 m Category 5catastrophic< 920 mb 895 mb > 210 km/h 235 km/hr > 5.50 m 6 m