1. Finite Clauses

2. Types of Sentences
Simple
Compound
Complex
Compound Complex

3. Clauses Word --> Phrase --> Clause --> Sentence
Clauses have a verb - one main verb per clause
Finite Clauses - Verb inflected for tense
Non-Finite
Infinitive
Participial, including Gerunds

4. Types of Embedded Sentences
Subordinate Clauses (Adverbial)
Indicate time, place, manner, cause, or condition
Usually preceded by a subordinator
Relative Clauses (Adjectival)
Relative Pronouns
Restrictive vs. non-restrictive relative clauses
Complement Clauses (Nominal)

5. Complement Clauses Appear as an NP Can be the subject of the sentence
[That you like bananas] is surprising.
Can be an object
I know [that you like bananas.]
Can be replaced by a pronoun
(It is surprising; I know it.)
That is a complementizer.

6. Direct Discourse
Direct discourse is when a person is quoted: He said, “You took my cheese.”
Indirect Discourse is when a person is paraphrased. He said that you took my cheese.
In direct discourse, time, place, and participants are tied to the original utterance.
She said, “The treasure is buried here.”
He said, “Is your party tomorrow.”

7. Interrogative Complement Clauses
One of the NPs in the complement clause is replaced by an interrogative pronoun
Examples:
I know [who stole my cheese].
I heard [what you said].
I wonder [how they did that].
Notice that the WH-word appears at the beginning of the clause and that no question mark is used.

8. Non-Finite Clauses

9. Non-Finite Clause: Infinitives
Introduced by to or for to.
I want [to buy the cheese].
[To err] is human.
[For him to err] is terrible.
Can also appear without to:
I heard him break the cookie jar.
He made me eat my spinach.
Can be nominal, adverbial (I bought it [to surprise you].), or adjectival (He was the last person [to talk to me.]). See page 357.

10. S VP NP
MVP NP S N MV VP NP MV NP N
Chris wants (Chris) take my cheese

11. to
take cheese my
Chris wants

12. S VP NP
MVP NP S N MV VP NP MV NP N
Chris wants Bill take my cheese

13. Bill to
take cheese
Chris wants my

14. To and For/To Infinitives
Sentences with infinitive clauses as subject use for if the subject is part of the clause
For you to say that is shocking.
To say that is shocking.
Sentences with for/to clauses as direct objects are less direct than those with to
She sent him to buy supplies.
She sent for him to buy supplies.
She asked him to leave.
She asked for him to leave.

15. Bare vs. to Infinitives
Tied to degree of likelihood that event took place
She made him shave
She let him shave
--> He shaved
She asked him to shave.
She wanted him to shave.
--> He might not have shaved.

16. Types of Verbs Taking Complement Clause
Modality Verbs – want, try, begin, fixing to
Manipulative Verbs – make, force, beg, order, let, ask, tell
Perception – see, hear, watch
Cognition – know, understand, hope, think
Utterance – say, reveal, announce
P-C-U verbs tend to take that complements

17. Reminder: Non-Finite Clauses
Infinitives
To-Infinitives
For-To-Infinitives
Bare Infinities
Participles
Present Participial Clauses
Past Participial Clauses

18. Participial Clauses

19. Present Participial Clauses
Adverbial
Walking to work, I spotted an eagle.
While walking to work, I spotted an eagle. (elliptical subordinate clause)
Many people having seen the eagle, I am now satisfied.
Adjectival
The people standing on the street were watching the eagle.
Gerund (Nominal)
Watching the eagle was fun.

20. Usage: Dangling Modifiers
Dangling Infinitives
Eager to work, my tools lay before me.
To feel rewarded, a job must be well-paying.
Dangling Present Participle
Flying high in the sky, I spotted an eagle.
Standing on a cliff, the ocean inspired me.
Dangling Past Participle
Hard boiled, I took the eggs out of the water.
Fed well, the entertainment began.
Sauced and seasoned, I tasted the entrée.

21. Nominative Absolutes
Actually Adverbials, but still called “nominative”
Tensed form of the verb or auxiliary BE is deleted
Examples: (pp )
His mind on the test, Bill entered the classroom.
The children fed and put to bed, Pat and Chris relaxed.
My hair a mess, I wandered into the classroom.
Eyes gleaming, they ran into the playground.
They ran into the playground, their eyes ablaze.

22. Practice: Adverbial, Adjectival, or Gerund
The children playing in the street should be warned.
Visiting professors can be boring. (trick question)
Whistling loudly, I walked into the dark.
Educated as to the facts, the citizen voted.
My jumping into the lake amused my family.
The test given to the students was easy.
Pumped, the kids began the contest.

23. Adverbial Present Participle
I spotted eagle an
wal ki ng to
work

24. Adverbial Present ParticipleVP NP
MVP
ADVP NP S
PRO MV
DET N VP NP MV
PREPP
PRO
I spotted an eagle (I) walking to work

25. Adjectival Present Participle
I spotted eagle an
wal ki ng on
street
the

26. Adjectival Present ParticipleVP NP
MVP NP
ADJP S
PRO MV
DET N VP NP MV
PREPP
I spotted an eagle (eagle) walking on the street

27. sing
ing
his
song
that
We enjoyed

28. S VP NP
MVP NP S
PRO MV VP NP MV NP N
We enjoyed he singing that song
(his)