1. Section 1: Earth in Space
How does Earth move in space?
What causes the cycle of seasons on Earth?

2. How Earth Moves
Earth moves through space in two major ways: rotation and revolution.
A revolution is the movement of one object around another. How long does one complete revolution of Earth around the sun take?
Answer:
days
(1 year)
Is the Earth’s orbit circular?
No, it is an ellipse.

3. How Earth Moves
The spinning of Earth on its axis is called rotation. As the Earth spins eastward, only half of the planet is facing the sun (day) while the other half is not (night).
How long does it take the
Earth to rotate once?
Answer: 24 hours (1 day)

4. Origin of Calendars
A calendar is a system of organizing time that defines the beginning, length, and divisions of a year.
Over the last 4000 years, they have been based on moon and star cycles, season changes, and sun position.
Egyptian calendar
What is a leap year?
An extra day added
every 4 years.
Mayan Calendar
Stonehenge 1500 B.C.

5. Sunlight Striking Earth’s Surface
Near the equator, sunlight strikes Earth’s surface more directly and is less spread out than near the poles.
Use flashlight and globe to demonstrate difference between direct and indirect sunlight and explain how this affects how much energy (light & heat) reach earth. This also explains why the poles are cold and the equator is hot.

6. Seasons on Earth
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it revolves around the sun. The axis is always tilted at what angle?
23.5 degrees

7. Common Misconception Alert!
Although the Earth can be at different distances from the sun due to its ellipsoid orbit, this DOES NOT cause the changes in season. In fact, the Earth is farthest from the sun during our summer!

8. Seasons on Earth
The height of the sun above the horizon varies with the season. It is at its lowest angle in winter and highest angle (more direct) in summer.

9. Section 2: Gravity and Motion
What determines the strength of the force of gravity between two objects?
What two factors combine to keep the moon and Earth in orbit?

10. Gravity, Mass, and Distance
The strength of the force of gravity between two objects depends on two factors: the masses of the objects and the distance between them.

11. Gravity Versus Distance
Reading Graphs:
What is the force of gravity on the rocket at the planet’s surface?
Four million newtons

12. Gravity Versus Distance
Reading Graphs:
What is the force of gravity on the rocket at a distance of two units (twice the planet’s radius from its center)?
One million newtons

13. Gravity Versus Distance
Drawing Conclusions:
In general, how does the force of gravity pulling on the rocket change as the distance between it and the planet increases?
It decreases.

14. Gravity and Inertia
Newton concluded that two factors–inertia and gravity–combine to keep Earth in orbit around the sun and the moon in orbit around Earth.

15. Section 3: Phases, Eclipses, and Tides
What causes the phases of the moon?
What are solar and lunar eclipses?
What causes the tides?

16. Motions of the Moon
The changing relative positions of the moon, Earth, and sun cause the phases of the moon, eclipses, and tides.
How long does
it take the moon
to orbit the Earth?
29.5 days

17. Phases of the Moon
The phase of the moon you see depends on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.

18. The Moon’s Orbit
The moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun.

19. Solar Eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly between Earth and the sun, blocking sunlight from Earth.

20. Lunar Eclipse
During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon’s surface.

21. Tides
Tides occur mainly because of differences in the force of gravity between the moon and different parts of Earth.

22. Spring and Neap Tides
When Earth, the sun, and the moon are in a straight line, a spring tide occurs (twice a month at new & full moons).
When the moon is at a right angle to the sun, a neap tide occurs (at 1st and 3rd quarter moons).

23. Section 4: Earth’s Moon What features are found on the moon’s surface?
What are some characteristics of the moon?
How did the moon form?

24. The Moon’s Surface
Features on the moon’s surface include maria, craters, and highlands.

25. The Moon’s Surface
Maria (Latin for “seas”): Dark, flat areas first thought to be oceans, but actually huge ancient lava flows. Craters: Large round pits caused by the impacts of meteoroids (NOT volcanoes). Highlands: These are the mountains and crater rims that cover most of the moon’s surface.
Why do the maria have fewer craters
than the rest of the moon?
Most of the impacts occurred before the maria formed.

26. The Moon’s Size
The moon is 3,476 km in diameter, a little less than the distance across the contiguous Untied States. It’s about ¼ the Earth’s diameter.

27. Characteristics of the Moon
The moon is very dry and airless. Since it has no atmosphere, it has large variations in its surface temperature (from 130 degrees Celsius in direct sunlight to -180 degrees at night). The moon is made out of much of the same elements that make up the Earth such as oxygen, silicon, magnesium, potassium, nickel, sulfur among many others. Though it’s ¼ the diameter of Earth, it only has 1/80th of the mass. This causes its gravity to be about 1/6 of what it is here on Earth. What would you weigh on Earth? Divide your weight by six.

28. The Origin of the Moon
Scientists theorize that a planet-sized object collided with earth to form the moon.

29. Moon Mysteries Part One
The Origin of The Moon
Moon Mysteries Part One