1. EAEE E4001 Industrial Ecology of Earth Resources: Material flows through the Economy and the Environment

2. The Search for Cadmium Origin of anthropogenic cadmium: Cadmium sulfide: CdS Recovered as by-product of zinc mining/production from cadmium sulfide: ZnS Production ratio: 2.70 kg Cd/ton Zn

3. MaterialTypical range (ppm) Soils, global average0.01-0.7 Zinc ore concentrates1000-12000 Lead ore concentrates3-500 Copper ore concentrates30-1200 Iron ore0.12-0.30 Hard coal0.50-10.00 Heavy oil0.01-0.10 Phosphate ore0.25-80 Natural occurrence of cadmium Source: Boehm and Schaefers (1990)

4. Potential for emissions during zinc production, g Cd/ton Zn: Roast/leach/electrowin: 0.2 Roast/blast furnace smelting: 50 (replaced in Canada and Europe) Roast/retort smelting: 100 (not in use any more)

5. Technology log (mg dust/m 3 clean gas) Source: Güthner (1989), Swedish EPA (1991), Umweltbundesamt (1989). Average Cleaning Performance of Dust Arresters for Industrial Waste Gas Purification (mg dust/m 3 clean gas) 52050500800

7. Potential for other Cd emissions Use/recycling of cadmium products: batteries, pigments, stabilizers, plating, cadmium compounds, alloys Cadmium in coal: 0.01-10 ppm (compare with mercury global averagein coal: 0.2 ppm) Cadmium in MSW: 3-15 ppm Fertilizers: 1-10 ppm

8. Cadmium emissions in two great rivers, 1983-1987 Rhine River Basin: 28,800 kg/y (Klepper, Michaelis, Mahlau 1995) Hudson River Estuary : about 29,000 kg/y Only a coincidence!

10. Atmospheric emissions of cadmium in the Rhine basin by industrial sector in 1988 ProcessTons% of total Hard coal combustion10.130.2 Oil combustion4.613.8 Other fossil fuel combustion1.54.5 Zinc refining3.510.5 Primary copper refining0.41.2 Other non-ferrous metal refining1.13.3 Iron & steel production6.318.9 Coke production0.51.5 Cement manufacturing0.82.4 Waste incineration4.613.8 Sum33.5100