1. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Language Of Medicine 8 th edition Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 17 Sense Organs: The Eye and the Ear Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Learning Objectives  Identify locations and functions of the major parts of the eye and ear.  Name the combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes most commonly used to describe these organs and their parts.  Describe the pathologic conditions that may affect the eye and ear.

4. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)  Identify clinical procedures that pertain to ophthalmology and otology.  Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records.

5. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 17 Lesson 17.1

6. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction

7. The Eye

8. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Eye

9. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The Eye (cont’d.)  Pupil  Conjunctiva  Cornea  Sclera  Choroid  Iris  Ciliary body  Lens  Fundus  Anterior chamber  Aqueous humor  Vitreous chamber  Vitreous humor  Retina  Optic nerve  Optic disc  Macula  Fovea centralis

10. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Visual Pathways From Retina to Cortex

11. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1.The soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball…. A.sclera B.vitreous humor C.aqueous humor D.fovea centralis

12. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS  aque/owater  blephar/oeyelid  conjunctiv/oconjunctiva  cor/opupil  corne/ocornea  cycl/ociliary body Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

13. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS  dacry/otears, tear duct  ir/oiris  irid/oiris  kerat/ocornea  lacrim/otears  ocul/oeye Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

14. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS  ophthalm/oeye  opt/oeye, vision  optic/oeye, vision  palpebr/oeyelid  papill/ooptic disc  phac/olens of the eye Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

15. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. STRUCTURES AND FLUIDS  phak/olens of the eye  pupill/opupil  retin/oretina  scler/osclera (white of the eye)  uve/ouvea  vitre/oglassy Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

16. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. CONDITIONS  ambly/odull, dim  dipl/odouble  glauc/ogray  mi/osmaller, less  mydr/owiden, enlarge  nyct/onight Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

17. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. CONDITIONS  phot/olight  presby/oold age  scot/odarkness  xer/odry Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

18. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. CONDITIONS  -opiavision  -opsiavision  -tropiato turn SuffixMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

19. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 1.Which term means inflammation of the eyelid? A.ophthalmoplegia B.keratitis C.blepharitis D.blepharoptosis

20. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Errors of Refraction  Astigmatism: defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye  Hyperopia: farsightedness  Myopia: nearsightedness  Presbyopia: impairment of vision due to old age reducing lens accommodation

21. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Errors of Refraction (cont’d.)

22. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Cataract: clouding of the lens ABNORMAL CONDITIONS

23. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS Chalazion: small, hard, cystic mass on eyelid; formed as a result of chronic inflammation of sebaceous gland along margin of eyelid

24. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS  Diabetic retinopathy - retinal effects caused by diabetes mellitus include:  microaneurysms  hemorrhages  dilation of retinal veins  neovascularization

25. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure damages retina and optic nerve

26. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS  Hordeolum (stye): staph infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid  Macular degeneration: progressive damage to the macular of the retina  Nystagmus: repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes.  Strabismus: abnormal deviation of the eye

27. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS  Retinal detachment: two layers of the retina separate from each other  Photopsia: bright flashes of light  Floaters: vitreous clumps of retina  Scleral buckle: belt to buckle retina to sclera  Pneumatic retinopexy: gas bubble injected in vitreous cavity to help reattach retina

28. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 17 Lesson 17.2

29. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Procedures  Fluorescein angiography: dye injection to examine blood flow in the retina  Ophthalmoscopy: visual examination of eye interior through dilated pupil  Slit lamp microscopy: magnified view of expanded number of eye structures

30. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d.) Visual acuity test: assesses clarity of vision

31. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Diagnostic Procedures (cont’d.) Visual field test: measures visual fields when eyes are fixed forward

32. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment  Enucleation: removal of entire eyeball  Laser photocoagulation: Argon laser creates inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky blood vessels  LASIK: laser to correct errors of refraction by sculpting the cornea

33. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment (cont’d.) Keratoplasty: surgical repair of the cornea

34. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment (cont’d.) Scleral buckle: Suture of silicone band to sclera over detached portion of retina

35. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Treatment (cont’d.)  Phacoemulsification: ultrasound to break up lens for aspiration for cataract removal  Vitrectomy: removal of vitreous and replacing it with a clear solution

36. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 17 Lesson 17.3

37. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. THE EAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY  Outer ear receives sound waves:  Sound waves travel to middle ear:  Sound vibrations reach inner ear (labyrinth)

38. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Ear

39. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Anatomy of the Ear

40. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ear Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d.)  Outer ear  Pinna or auricle: projecting flap  External auditory meatus (auditory canal)

41. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ear Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d.)  Middle ear  Tympanic membrane (eardrum)  Malleus  Incus  Stapes  Oval window  Eustachian tube

42. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ear Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d.)  Inner ear: labyrinth  Cochlea  Auditory nerve fibers

43. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Ear Anatomy and Physiology (cont’d.)  Balance and equilibrium  Vestibule  Semicircular canals

44. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. QUICK QUIZ: QUICK QUIZ: 2.What is the snail-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; which contains hearing sensitive receptor cells? A.pinna B.auricle C.ossicle D.cochlea

45. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  acous/ohearing  audi/ohearing  audit/ohearing  aur/oear  auricul/oear  cochle/ocochlea  mastoid/omastoid process Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

46. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  myring/oeardrum, tympanic membrane  ossicul/oossicle  ot/oear  salping/oEustachian tube  staped/ostapes  tyman/oeardrum, tympanic membrane  vestibul/ovestibule Combining FormMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

47. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES  -acusis or-cusishearing  -meterinstrument for measure  -otiaear condition SuffixMeaning COMBINING FORMS, SUFFIXES, AND TERMINOLOGY

48. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions  Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising from 8th cranial nerve, causes tinnitus, vertigo, dizziness, and decreased hearing  Cholesteatoma: skin cells and cholesterol in a sac in the middle ear (cyst-like mass associated with chronic infections)  Deafness: loss of ability to hear

49. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)  Ménière disease: disorder of labyrinth with elevated endolymph pressure in cochlea and semicircular canals causing tinnitus, sensitivity to sound, progressive hearing loss, headache, nausea, and vertigo  Otitis media: inflammation of middle ear  Otosclerosis: hardening of bony tissue in labyrinth

50. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Symptoms and Pathologic Conditions (cont’d.)  Tinnitus: sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in ears  Vertigo: sensation of irregular motion (whirling) from disease of inner ear or nerve carrying messages from semicircular canals

51. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Clinical Procedures  Audiometry: audiometer is an electric device to determine hearing loss by frequency  Cochlear implant: Surgically implanted device allowing sensorineural hearing- impaired persons to understand speech  Ear thermometry: body temperature measured with infrared radiation from the eardrum

52. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Clinical Procedures (cont’d.)  Otoscopy: visual examination of ear with small, hand-held scope  Tuning fork test  Rinne: hearing test using a vibrating fork against the mastoid bone (bone conduction) and in front of the auditory meatus (air conduction)  Weber: fork is placed on the center of the forehead; normal hearing has equal loudness in both ears.

53. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. REVIEW SHEET COMBINING FORMS  acous/o ___________  ambly/o ___________  aque/o ___________  audi/o ___________  audit/o ___________  aur/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning

54. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  acous/ohearing  ambly/odull, dim  aque/owater  audi/ohearing  audit/ohearing  aur/oear Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

55. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  auricul/o ___________  blephar/o ___________  conjunctiv/o ___________  cor/o ___________  corne/o ___________  cycl/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

56. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  auricul/o ear  blephar/o eyelid  conjunctiv/o conjunctiva  cor/o pupil  corne/o cornea  cycl/o ciliary body Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

57. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  dacry/o ___________  dipl/o ___________  glauc/o ___________  ir/o ___________  irid/o ___________  kerat/o ___________  lacrim/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

58. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  dacry/o tears  dipl/o double  glauc/o gray  ir/o iris  irid/o iris  kerat/o cornea  lacrim/o tears Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

59. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  mastoid/o ___________  mi/o ___________  mydr/o ___________  myring/o ___________  nyct/o ___________  ocul/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

60. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  mastoid/o mastoid process  mi/o smaller, less  mydr/o widen, enlarge  myring/o eardrum  nyct/o night  ocul/o eye Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

61. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  ophthalm/o ___________  opt/o ___________  optic/o ___________  ossicul/o ___________  palpebr/o ___________  papill/o ___________  phac/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

62. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  ophthalm/o eye  opt/o eye  optic/o eye  ossicul/o ossicle  palpebr/o eyelid  papill/o optic disc  phac/o lens of the eye Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

63. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  phak/o ___________  phot/o ___________  presby/o ___________  pupill/o ___________  retin/o ___________  salpin/o ___________  scler/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

64. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  phak/o lens of the eye  phot/o light  presby/o old age  pupill/o pupil  retin/o retina  salpin/o Eustachian tube  scler/o sclera (white of eye) Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

65. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  scot/o ___________  staped/o ___________  tympan/o ___________  uve/o ___________  vestibul/o ___________  vitre/o ___________  xer/o ___________ Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

66. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. COMBINING FORMS  scot/o darkness  staped/o stapes  tympan/o eardrum  uve/o uvea  vestibul/o vestibule  vitre/o glassy  xer/o dry Combining FormMeaning Combining Form Meaning REVIEW SHEET

67. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES  -acusis ___________  -cusis ___________  -meter ___________  -metry ___________  -opia ___________ SuffixMeaning Suffix Meaning REVIEW SHEET

68. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES  -acusis hearing  -cusis hearing  -meter instrument for measure  -metry process of measurement  -opia vision SuffixMeaning Suffix Meaning REVIEW SHEET

69. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES  -opsia ___________  -otia ___________  -phobia ___________  -plegic ___________  -tropia ___________ SuffixMeaning Suffix Meaning REVIEW SHEET

70. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SUFFIXES  -opsia vision  -otia ear condition  -phobia fear  -plegic paralysis; palsy  -tropia to turn SuffixMeaning Suffix Meaning REVIEW SHEET