1. Sponges and Cnidarians
Life Science

2. Review the Animal Kingdom
4 Major Characteristics?
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophs
Cells lack cell walls

3. 7 Essential Functions? Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion
Response
Movement
Reproduction

4. Hard Shells
Fur & Milk Glands
Amniotic Egg
Lungs
Bony Skeleton
jaws
Brain Encased Skull

7. Phylum Porifera
“Pore-Bearers”

8. Sponges are the simplest of all animals.
They are multicellular, heterotrophic, have no cell walls, and have specialized cells.

9. Sheet sponge
Carnivorous- eat small crustaceans

10. Adult sponges are sessile.
CAN”T MOVE
They live attached to a single spot.

11. Sponges are asymmetrical filter feeders
Feed on : bacteria, unicellular algae, and protists through filter feeding.

12. IV. Phylum- Porifera (“pore bear”) –sponges – simplest of all animals
A. Body Plan – asymmetrical, pores all over body with large hole on top called osculum where water is pumped through, Have no mouth or gut, Have no tissues or organ systems, Simple functions are carried out by a few specialized cells
B. Protection: skeleton of spicules (glass-like material) or spongin (soft)

13. Asymmetrical? Have no front or back ends, no left and right sides
A large, cylindrical water pump
The body forms a wall around a large central cavity through which water flows continually

14. Protection- Silica (cells of glass offer protection and support

15. C. Feeding – filter feeders, trap microorganisms in water flow.
1. Collar cells - specialized cells that use flagella to move a steady current of water thru the sponge. Each collar cell digests its own food.
2. Archaeocytes - specialized cells that make spicules
3. Pore cells – Cells thru which water flows into the body of a sponge

16. Major Body Functions
D. Respiration/ Circulation/ Excretion – water flow carries out all body functions (osmosis and diffusion)
As water moves through the cavity:
Oxygen dissolved in the water diffuses into the surrounding cells
2. Carbon dioxide and other wastes, diffuse into the water and are carried away

17. Major Body Functions
E. Response/Movement- no nervous system, do produce toxins, adults don’t move (sessile), larva swim
F. Reproduction- sexually with internal fertilization between two different sponges or asexually by budding or fragmentation

18. Osculum
A large hole at the top of the sponge, through which water exits
The movement of water provides a simple mechanism for feeding, respiration, circulation and excretion

19. The Anatomy of a Sponge Water flow Osculum Collar Cell Central cavity
Pores
Spicule
Pore cell
Pore
Epidermal cell
Archaeocyte

20. Ecology of Sponges
Ideal habitats for marine animals such as snails, sea stars, sea cucumbers, and shrimp
Mutually beneficial relationships with bacteria, algae and plant-like protists

21. Sponge Life Cycle (Sexual Reproduction) Sponges are hermaphrodites.
MEIOSIS
Haploid (N)
Diploid (2N)
Adult sponge releases sperm into the water
New sponge
Sperm (N)
Mature
sponge (2N)
Egg (N)
Larva attaches
to a hard surface
Larva
(2N)
The zygote develops into a free swimming larva
Sperm fertilize eggs inside the body of another sponge
FERTILIZATION

22. Review Questions
Answer the 4 questions on your own.

24. Asexual Reproduction-Budding
A new polyp genetically identical to the parent is formed.

25. Jelly fish

26. Lion’s Mane Jelly

29. Some have eyes!
Box Jelly

30. Colony of polyps

31. Deadly within 3 minutes! Chironex fleckeri
Found off the coast of Australia
Deadly within 3 minutes!
Over 100 deaths in the last 25 years
Chironex fleckeri

32. Anemones

33. Colonial Anemone

35. Coral Reefs

36. Brain Coral

37. Orange Cup Coral
Red Sea Fan

38. Sea Pen
Feathery Hydroid

39. Fungiid Coral- this coral can move!

40. Carpet Anemone

41. Giant Sea Fan
Mushroom Coral

42. Solid Table Coral
Staghorn Coral

44. Phylum Cnidaria –more complex than sponges
A. Carnivorous animals with stinging tentacles around their mouths
B. Simplest animals to exhibit symmetry – cnidarians have radial symmetry
C. Simplest animals to have true tissues including nerves

45. Cnidarians have two body forms
Polyp - stationary, vase-shaped
Medusa - swimming, cup-shaped
Examples: hydra, coral, sea anemone
Examples: jellyfish, portuguese man of war

46. Examples: hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals
A. Hydrozoans: Most of life as polyp ex. hydra
B. Scyphozoans: Most of life as medusa  ex. jellyfish
C. Anthozoans: Only polyp stage in the life cycle  ex. corals and sea anemones

47. Simplest animal with true tissues.
soft bodied, have tentacles, radial symmetry,
1. Gut – gastrovascular cavity with one opening
2. Nerve net- detects stimuli
3. Hydrostatic Skeleton- movement and support with the use of muscles

48. The Polyp and Medusa Stages
1. Polyp - Stationary, Examples: Hydra, Coral, and Sea Anemone
2. Medusa- Swimming, Cup Shaped. Examples: Jelly Fish and Man O War

49. The Polyp and Medusa Stages
3 tissue layers
Epidermis
Mesoglea
Gastroderm
Tentacles
Mouth/anus
Gut
Bell
gut
Mouth/anus
Tentacles
Medusa
Polyp

50. 1. Feeding- kill small prey with stinging cells in tentacles, digest in gut, food in and waste out of one opening.
2. Respiration/Circulation/Excretion- all by diffusion (no true organs)
3. Response- have specialized sensory cells and nerve net to gather info and react to stimuli.

51. b. Ocelli: eyespots made of cells that detect light
Response
a. Statocysts: groups of sensory cells that help determine the direction of gravity
b. Ocelli: eyespots made of cells that detect light

52. (StingingStructure)
(Stinging Cell)

53. 4. Movement- propel themselves with water using hydrostatic skeleton
5. Reproduction- asexually by budding, sexually by external fertilization, sperm and egg are released and meet in water

54. IX. Ecology of Cnidarians
A. Source of new drugs/chemicals sunscreen 855
B. Provide habitats for marine organisms
C. Source of food for other organisms (like sea turtles)
D. Symbiotic relationships with other organisms

55. Jellyfish Life Cycle (Sexual Reproduction)
Female medusa (2N)
MEIOSIS
Fertilization occurs in the open water, producing many diploid zygotes.
Egg (N)
Adult medusas reproduce sexually by releasing gametes into the water.
FERTILIZATION
Sperm (N)
Each zygote grows into a ciliated larva. The larva eventually attaches to a hard surface and develops into a polyp.
Zygote (2N)
Male medusa (2N)
Young medusa
Swimming larva
Polyp
The polyp buds to release young medusas.
Haploid
Diploid
Budding polyp

56. Answer the 2 review questions