1. Nanotechnology Nano size: Generally 1-100 nm The European Science Foundation definition Nanoscale was seen to range from 1 to 1000 nm

2. Particle size classification  1 nmChemical drug  5 nmProtein  10 nmDNA  20-50 nmBlood vessel pore  50 nmCarbon nanotube  100-500 nmLiposome nanoparticle  1000 nm (1 µm)bacteria  10 µmCell  50 µmHuman hair

3. Cell membrane pore A side view of a pore (blue dots) in the water- channel protein AQP1, which pierces the cell membrane. Cell exterior is at top, interior at bottom. The pore is about 2.8 angstroms across at its narrowest.

4. Advantages of nanoparticles Advantage of nanoparticles - To deliver more effectively: Enhance amount permeate at favorable site, sustain release of actives, increase mucoadhesive (liposome, neosome, nanoparticle, microemulsion, nanoemulsion) - To deliver more effectively: Enhance amount permeate at favorable site, sustain release of actives, increase mucoadhesive (liposome, neosome, nanoparticle, microemulsion, nanoemulsion) - Nano-powder (Zno, TiO 2 etc) - Carbon nanotube

6. Titanium dioxide nano powder

9. Toxicology of nanoparticles  Size  Surface area  Surface chemistry  Solubility  Shape  Material type 1) biodegradable 2) Non- biodegradable * Depend on phagocytic clearance

10. Exposure routes

11. Phagocytosis Most Dangerous 2 1 3

12. Limited Experimental toxicology of manufactured nanomaterials reported to date  Fullerenes  Carbon nanotube  Metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO 2 )

13. Eight allotropes of carbon: a) Diamond, b) Graphite, c) Lonsdaleite, d) C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), e) C540, f) C70, g) Amorphous carbon, and h) single-walled carbon nanotube or buckytube.carbon DiamondGraphite LonsdaleiteBuckminsterfullerene buckyballAmorphous carboncarbon nanotubebuckytube

14. Research work in nanoparticles toxicology  Use carbon single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) as model SWCT do not induce cell damage but stimulate fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis→ Lung Fibrosis Small well disperse SWCNT penetrate lung tissue more efficiently than agglomeration SWCT induce angiogenesis

15. Nanomaterialization of Chitin- chitosan: Approaches and potential applications  Nanomaterials: the materials which exhibit the special properties due to the function in nanometer range

16. Formation of nanomaterials  Molecolar Architecture: Building from molecular components, Chemical modification  Size reduction: Constructing from large entities, Depolymerization

17. Chitosan Nanosphere  Synthesis - Organic base system: mPEG grafted phthaloylchitin - Water base system: Chitosan-mPEG-CA

18. Self assembly property

19. PEG

20. UV-screening Nanocarrier Based on polyvinylalcohol-co- vinylcinnamate  Chemical modification Amphiphilic polymer: self-assembly: PVA combined UV protective substances