1. Pathways assessment: Entry Assessment for Exotic Viral Pathogens of Swine Lisa A. Ferguson USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services NIAA, Omaha April 2014

2. Objectives Identify and describe pathways by which exotic viral pathogens of swine may enter the US Estimate the likelihood that each identified pathway may introduce exotic viral pathogens of swine into the US

3. Virus in region Infected or contaminated product selected for export Virus survives process prior to export Virus survives transport to US Virus survives import mitigation at border Product contaminated post-process ENTRY NO no YES

4. Next steps Pathways with non-negligible likelihood of introduction - estimate likelihood of exposure Pathways with non-negligible likelihood of exposure – evaluate consequences Pathways where consequences, overall risk of introduction, and overall risk of exposure are non-negligible – identify potential mitigation measures

5. Risk estimation terms TermDefinition NegligibleSo rare that it doesn’t merit consideration LowRare but does occur MediumOccurs regularly HighOccurs very often

6. Assumptions One or more exotic viral pathogens are present Infected animals are selected for slaughter and/or rendering Current regulations and mitigation procedures effectively enforced

7. Representative viruses Stand in for both single- and double-stranded RNA and DNA virus Encompass a range of resistance to inactivation – Classical swine fever – Foot and mouth disease – Pseudorabies

8. Pathway groups Airborne Inanimate articles serve as fomites – Animal tissues or fluid and their products – Conveyances and containers – Equipments – Food and feed – Garbage Live animals that may serve as vectors or fomites – Livestock/germplasm – Humans – Microorganisms or arthropod vectors – Other live animals

9. Feed ingredient origin Animal (rendered products, marine, dairy, etc..) Plant (forage, grain, by-products, fats/oils, vitamins, etc…) Microbial culture (amino acids, minerals, vitamins, etc…) Mined material (anticaking, colorants, minerals) Synthetic (amino acids, antioxidants, flavors, minerals, vitamins, etc…)

10. Rendered animal proteins and fats, marine by-products Includes blood products – none imported Rendering process inactivates viruses Post-processing contamination unlikely; transport times and conditions not conducive to virus survival Negligible risk of entry

11. Milk and milk derivatives Small amount of imports Treatment sufficient to inactivate FMD Post-processing contamination unlikely; transport times and conditions not conducive to virus survival Negligible risk of entry

12. Animal manure Virus could be present Not allowed entry for purpose of feeding Negligible risk of entry

13. Plants and plant products Imports – Canada, Argentina, Mexico Potential for contamination if contact with infected animals/excretions/fomites ? Virus survival time Negligible risk of entry if pelleted/treated; low risk of entry if unprocessed

14. Microbial culture Amino acids (L-carnitine, lysine, etc..), probiotics, enzymes (phytase), vitamin (B2, B12), etc. Contamination of culture (bacteria, fungi, bacteriophages) considered production failure; GMP control Recovery of product – sterilization, centrifugation, filtration, crystallization, etc… - not conducive to virus survival Negligible risk of entry

15. Chemical synthesis/mining Amino acid (methionine), minerals, vitamins (A, B1, B3 or B5, B6, B7, B9, D, K; choline), etc.. Viruses can’t propagate without living animal cells; contamination unlikely to survive manufacturing process Post-processing contamination unlikely; transport times and conditions not conducive to virus survival Negligible risk of entry

16. Questions?