1. Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods
CHAPTER 2
Drafting Equipment, Media, and Reproduction Methods

2. Learning Objectives
Describe and demonstrate the use of manual drafting equipment and supplies
Explain the concept of drawing scale, and identify common inch and metric scales
Read metric, civil engineer, architect, and mechanical scales

3. Learning Objectives
Describe and use drafting media, sheet sizes, and sheet blocks and symbols
Explain common drawing reproduction methods

4. Manual Drafting (Hand Drafting)
Mostly replaced by computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)
Manual drafting and CADD require understanding the basics of drafting
Scale
Sheet size
Sheet format

5. Manual Drafting Equipment and Supplies
Historical reference
Still valuable for:
Sketching
Taking measurements
Other related activities
Still used by some companies for certain applications

6. Automatic Pencils
Common for manual drafting, sketching, and office use
Do not require sharpening
Available in several different lead sizes
Combination of 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 mm pencils and leads good for sketching and daily use

7. Lead Grades Different grades of hardness for specific techniques
2H and H good for typical daily office use
2H to F for thick lines
4H to H for thin lines
6H or 4H for construction lines and guidelines

8. Compasses Especially useful for large circles and arcs
More time consuming than a template
Bow compass (shown)

9. Dividers
Bow
Proportional

10. Parallel Bar Draw horizontal lines
Use triangles to draw vertical lines and angles

11. Triangles Straightedge Draw angles Connect points 30°–60° triangle
Angles of 30°–60°–90°
45° triangle
Angles of 45°–45°–90°

12. Templates Circles Ellipses Letters
Specific requirements and drafting disciplines
Examples:
Architectural symbols
Electronic schematic symbols

13. Irregular Curves Have no constant radii French and flexible curves
Radius curve

14. Drafting Machines
Generally take the place of triangles and parallel bars
Maintains a horizontal and vertical relationship between scales
Scales serve as straightedges
Protractor allows scales to be set quickly at any angle

15. Arm and Track Drafting Machines

16. Scale Measurement instrument
Specific scales for mechanical, architectural, civil, and metric drawings
Used by manual drafters to help create scaled drawings
Still useful for sketching, taking measurements, and related tasks
Four basic shapes

17. Scale
Concept
A universal and critical design and drafting concept

18. Drawing Scale
Drawings are scaled so the objects represented can be illustrated clearly on standard sizes of paper
Depends on:
Actual size of the objects drawn
Amount of detail to show
Media size
Amount of dimensioning and notes required

19. Inch Mechanical Drawing Scales
Full scale = FULL or 1:1
Half scale = HALF or 1:2
Quarter scale = QUARTER or 1:4
Twice scale = DOUBLE or 2:1
Four times scale = 4:1
Ten times scale = 10:1

20. Drawing Scale

21. Metric Mechanical Drawing Scales
Full scale = 1:1
Half scale = 1:2
One fifth scale = 1:5
One twenty-fifth scale = 1:25
One thirty-three and one-third scale = 1:33 1/3
One seventy-fifth scale = 1:75

22. U.S. Customary Architectural Drawing Scales
1/8" = 1'–0"
1/4" = 1'–0"
1/2" = 1'–0"
1" = 1'–0"
1 1/2" = 1'–0"
3" = 1'–0"

23. U.S. Customary Civil Drawing Scales
1" = 10'
1" = 20'
1" = 30'
1" = 50'
1" = 60'
1" = 100'

24. Metric Scale Any scale is a multiple of ten
Any reductions or enlargements are easy to perform
No mathematical calculations should be required

25. Civil Engineer’s Scale
Divisions
Ratio
Scales Used with This Division 10
1:1
1" = 1"
1" = 1'
1" = 10'
1" = 100' 20
1:2
1" = 2"
1" = 2'
1" = 20'
1" = 200' 30
1:3
1" = 3"
1" = 3'
1" = 30'
1" = 300' 40
1:4
1" = 4"
1" = 4'
1" = 40'
1" = 400' 50
1:5
1" = 5"
1" = 5'
1" = 50'
1" = 500' 60
1:6
1" = 6"
1" = 6'
1" = 60'
1" = 600"

26. Civil Engineer’s Scale
Any multiple of ten
10 scale often used for mechanical drawings at full, decimal-inch scale (1:1)
20 scale common for mechanical drawings at half scale (1:2)
20 scale used for scales of 1" = 2', 1" = 20', and 1" = 200'
50 scale popular in civil drafting

27. Architect’s Scale 11 different scales Ten of the scales Eleventh scale
Inch represents a specific increment of feet
Feet subdivided into multiples of 12 parts to represent inches and fractions of an inch
Eleventh scale
Full scale divided into 16 parts, each part equal to 1/16 of an inch

28. Mechanical Engineer’s Scale
Common for mechanical drawings in fractional or decimal inches
Full-scale divisions divided into 1/16, 10, and 50

29. Vellum Most common drafting media Inexpensive
Good smoothness, erasability, and transparency
Less durable and dimensionally stable
Appropriate for regular graphite leads
Well drawn graphite on vellum reproduces well

30. Polyester Film Mylar® Expensive
Excellent durability, smoothness, erasability, dimensional stability, and transparency
Best with ink or special polyester leads
Well drawn ink on polyester film reproduces the best

31. Sheet Size and Format Standards for sheet size and format
ASME Y14.1, Decimal Inch Drawing Sheet Size and Format
ASME Y14.1M, Metric Drawing Sheet Size and Format
Architectural, civil and structural drawings often use unique sheet format and may use unique sheet sizes

32. ASME Inch Sheet Size and Format
[Insert Figure 2.31]

33. ASME Metric Sheet Size and Format

34. Selecting a Sheet Size Size of objects drawn Drawing scale
Amount of additional content on the sheet
Border
Title block
Drafting standards and company practice

35. G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes
ASME Inch Sheet Sizes
Size Designation
Size in Inches
Vertical
Horizontal A
8 1/2
11 (horizontal format) 11
8 1/2 (vertical format) B 17 C 22 D 34 E 44 F 28 40
G, H, J, and K apply to specific roll sizes

36. ASME Metric Sheet Sizes
Size Designation
Size in Millimeters
Vertical
Horizontal A0
841
1189 A1
594 A2
420 A3
297 A4
210
A1.0, A2.1, A2.0, A3.2, A3.1, and A3.0 apply to specific elongated sizes

37. Line Format Specified in ASME Y14.2M, Line Conventions and Lettering
Thick lines of 0.6 mm (.02 in.)
Borders
Outline of principle blocks
Main divisions of blocks
Thin lines of 0.3 mm (.01 in.)
Dividing parts lists and Revision History blocks
Minor subdivisions of the title block and supplementary blocks

38. ASME Lettering Style Vertical uppercase Gothic
Arial, Roman, or similar font when using CADD

39. ASME Letter Heights Sheet Elements Minimum Letter Heights INCH
Drawing Sizes INCH
Letter Heights METRIC (mm)
Drawing Sizes METRIC
Drawing title, sheet size, CAGE Code, drawing number, revision letter in the title block
.24
D, E, F, H, J, K 6
A0, A1
.12
A, B, C, G 3
A2, A3, A4
Zone letters and numbers in borders
All sizes
Drawing block headings
.10
2.5
All other characters

40. Border Format margin of a sheet
Borderlines form a rectangle to establish the border
ASME minimum distance from the edges of the sheet to borderlines:
.5 in. for all inch drawing sheet sizes
20 mm for A0- and A1-size sheets
10 mm for A2-, A3-, and A4-size sheets

41. Zoning Allows the drawing to read like a road map
Recommend by ASME standards for all sheets
Optional for A, B, and A4 size sheets

42. Title Block Provides a variety of information about a drawing
Size and location specified by ASME standards
Other sheet blocks often group with the title block

43. ASME Title Block Revision of the part or drawing
Principal drawing scale
Actual or estimated weight
Company or design activity
Sheet relative to a group of sheets or set of sheets
Title
Approvals 1
Sheet size
CAGE Code
Approval 2
Drawing number
Approval 3

44. Angle of Projection Block
Third angle projection
First angle projection

45. Dimensioning and Tolerancing Block

46. Revision History Block
Zone
Revision
Description
Date
Approval

47. Revision Status of Sheets Block
Not required on single-sheet drawings
Horizontal or vertical
Located by the title block or in the area of the Revision History block

48. Revision Status Notation
ALL SHEETS ARE THE SAME REVISION STATUS
Optional
Next to the title block when the revision status of all sheets is the same

49. Additional Sheet Blocks and Symbols
Margin drawing number block
Application block
Microfilm alignment arrows

50. Diazo Reproduction Ozalid dry prints or blue-line prints
Not an actual blueprint
Mostly replaced by photocopy reproduction and CADD prints

51. Photocopy Reproduction
Photocopy printers or engineering copiers
Photographically reproduces material, especially by xerography
Advantages over diazo printing

52. Properly Folding Prints

53. Glossary Angle of projection block Application block Automatic pencil
Specifies how to interpret a drawing according to the method of view projection.
Application block
Includes information such as next assembly and where used for drawings of a detail part or assembly of a component of a larger assembly.
Automatic pencil
A pencil with a lead chamber that advances the lead from the chamber to the writing tip by the push of a button or tab when a new piece of lead is needed.

54. Glossary CAGE Code Compass Dimensioning and tolerancing block
A five number code assigned by the United States Defense Logistic Service Center (DLSC) to all Department of Defense contractors. CAGE stands for Commercial And Government Entity.
Compass
An instrument used to draw circles and arcs.
Dimensioning and tolerancing block
Specifies the general dimensioning and tolerancing specifications found on the drawing.

55. Glossary Dividers Drafting machine Ellipse
Used to transfer dimensions or to divide a distance into a number of equal parts. Dividers are also used in navigation to measure distance in nautical miles.
Drafting machine
A machine that mounts to the table or board and has scales attached to an adjustable head that rotates for drawing angles.
Ellipse
A circle seen at an angle.

56. Glossary Manual drafting (hand drafting) Margin drawing number block
Traditional drafting practice using pencil or ink on a medium such as paper or polyester film, with the support of drafting instruments and equipment.
Margin drawing number block
Identifies the drawing number and sheet number, and optional revision, when reading the margin information on the drawing.
Media
The material upon which you create drawings, such as paper or polyester film.

57. Glossary Microfilm Proportional dividers Revision History block
A film on which drawings or other printed materials are photographed at greatly reduced size for ease of storage and sending from one place to another. When needed, equipment is available for enlargement of the microfilm to a printed copy.
Proportional dividers
Used to reduce or enlarge an object without the need of mathematical calculations or scale manipulations.
Revision History block
Also called the revision block, is used to record changes to the drawing.

58. Glossary Revision status of sheets block Scale Templates
Appears on the first sheet of multiple sheet drawings and records the revision status of each drawing.
Scale
An instrument with a system of ordered marks at fixed intervals used as a reference standard in measurement. A scale establishes a proportion used in determining the dimensional relationship of an actual object to the representation of the same object on a drawing.
Templates
Plastic sheets with accurate shapes cut out and are used as a stencil for drawing the shapes.

59. Glossary Vellum Xerography Zoning
Drafting paper with translucent properties that is specially designed to accept pencil or ink.
Xerography
A dry photographic or photocopying process in which a negative image formed by a resinous powder on an electrically charged plate is electrically transferred to and fixed as positive on a paper or other copying surface.
Zoning
A system of numbers along the top and bottom margins and letters along the left and right margins.