1. English Grammar

2. ＊ellipsis
＊inversion

3. ellipsis grammatical meaning omitted parts E in simple sentence
E in compound sentence
E in complex sentence

4. ＊ellipsis
having a word or words left out of a sentence to avoid repetition or out of habitual practice

5. theoretically ① every word class ② every sentence element
＊omitted parts:
theoretically ① every word class ② every sentence element
practically ① repeated part
② part that won’t be misunderstood

6. in statement or question in imperative & exclamatory sentence
＊E in simple sentence
in dialogue
in statement or question
in imperative & exclamatory sentence

7. A: Where are you going? B: To the post office. A: What for?
☆ E in dialogue
A: Where are you going?
B: To the post office.
A: What for?
B: To post a letter.

8. ☆ E in statement or question
Nice to see you.
Happy New Year!
Must have gone to the hall.
Had your lunch?
Everybody here?

9. ☆E in exclamatory sentence ﹡Wonderful! ﹡How funny!
☆E in imperative sentence
﹡Get up!
﹡Be ready, please.
☆E in exclamatory sentence
﹡Wonderful!
﹡How funny!

10. ＊E in compound sentence
﹡They left for Shanghai yesterday and we shall tomorrow.
﹡We are flying to Madrid tonight, and to Athens next week.

11. 1 缩略状从 a.时/地/条/方/让状 b.主从句S.一致,或从S.为it c.从句谓v.含be d.省从S.和be
＊E in complex sentence
1 缩略状从
a.时/地/条/方/让状
b.主从句S.一致,或从S.为it
c.从句谓v.含be
d.省从S.和be

12. ﹡The river is level where deep. (水深流静) ﹡I won’t go unless invited.
﹡When speaking English, we should pay attention to our intonation.
﹡The river is level where deep. (水深流静)
﹡I won’t go unless invited.

13. 2 比较状从中省略
﹡I drink as much as is good for me.
He is more careful now than he was last year.
I shall work as hard as ever.
I like him more than her.
I got more than I had asked for.
I am as tall as she.

14. 3 that引导宾从时常省略
造成意义不明确时不省
He said yesterday he had seen her.

15. Here is the bag he wanted. This is the man I met last week.
4 定从引导词that, which, whom (O.); when, where, why (Ad.)可省
Here is the bag he wanted.
This is the man I met last week.
The noise I heard was made by the bell (more eg)

16. The office he works is on the third floor.
We shall never forget the day our village was liberated.
I don’t know the reason he went away.

17. The sooner, the greater the hope of getting the train tickets.
5 The more…, the more…句型
The sooner, the greater the hope of getting the train tickets.
The more carefully we work, the better the results.
The more, the better.

18. You may go now if you want to. We must do what the Party asked us to.
6 从句中不定式符号to后常v.
You may go now if you want to.
We must do what the Party asked us to.

19. 7 宾从中在上下文清楚的情况下省去从句保留连词.
Someone took my key, but I don’t know who.
The book must be one of the girls’, but I don’t know whose.
John has gone, no one knows
where.

20. 8 虚拟语气中常省略should或if
I suggest he bring his friends .
They insisted that he do more exercise.
Were I in his place, I should learn to drive.
Had he asked me, I should have
come.

21. Inversion Grammatical meaning Reasons for inversion
Classification of inversion
Application of inversion
Practice for inversion

22. 英语基本语序(word order)
主语在前,谓语在后,这叫自然语序(natural word-order)
反之,谓语的全部或一部分在主语之前,这种语法现象称之为倒装语序
(inverted word-order /inversion).
有时,为了强调会把句子的其成分提到句首,也称为倒装(如as引导的让步状语从句).

23. Reasons for inversion
1 语法结构需要
如疑问句、感叹句、there be 结构；
2 修辞需要

24. ⊙按形式分:
full inversion 完全倒装:
全部动词都移到主语前
partial inversion部分倒装:
助动词、情态动词移到主语前
⊙按作用分:
grammatical inversion语法结构倒装
rhetorical inversion修辞倒装

25. ＊ grammatical
inversion
＊ rhetorical

26. 1 in Interrogative Sentence
① general question
② special question
③ alternative question
④ disjunctive question

27. Are you going with your friend?
What did you do last night?
Do you like swimming or skating?
You don’t know English, do you?

28. 2 in Declarative Sentences
① there be结构(完全倒装)
②here, there, then, now位于句首,且主语不是代词, 动词多为be, come, go, fall, lie, stand…(完全倒装) ☆

29. There is no one at the door.
Here comes John.
There goes the bell.
Now comes your turn.
Then began the meeting.

30. They are in high spirits. So are we.
3 用so, neither/nor 引导的句子
表示上一句中谓语说明的情况也
适用于下一句的主语(部分倒装).
They are in high spirits. So are we.
Tom couldn’t find a job. Nor could his sister.

31. Had I been told earlier, I could have a good preparation.
4省略了if的虚拟条件句(部分倒装)
Had I been told earlier, I could have a good preparation.
Were I you, I would have done it better.

32. Fail as he did, he would try again.
5 某些让步状语从句 (部分倒装)
Fail as he did, he would try again.
6表示祝愿的句子 (全部or部分倒装)
Long live the People’s Republic of China! (全部倒装)
May you be happy! (部分倒装)

33. “Sit down, please.” said the teacher.
7直接引语(direct speech)中间
或后边表示“某人说”这样的句子
(全部倒装)
“Come on!” said he.
“Sit down, please.” said the teacher.

34. 1否定意义词或短语在句首(部分倒装)
no sooner … than…, not until…,
hardly/ scarcely/ rarely…when…,
not only…but also…(并主不倒装),
never, seldom, little, few, under
no circumstances, in no way, by no means, at no time, in no case,
on no accounts, no + n. … ☆

35. Never had he had any experience like that.
Hardly did I think it possible.
No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go.

36. Only in this way can we study English well.
only + prep. phr. / only + adv. / only + 状语从句
Only after we make / making investigations can we have the right to speak.
Only in this way can we study
English well.

37. Up went the arrow into the air.
3表示方位/向的状语提到句首时
(主语不是代词) (全部倒装)
Out ran Tom.
Up went the arrow into the air.
Back came my father and the supper began.
＊ Away he went. / Here we are.
/ Out they rushed. (不倒装)

38. 4 作地点状语的介词短语提到句首
[谓语v.多为(半)系动词] (全部倒装)
On the table are some books, newspapers, and magazines in different languages.
Before us lay a stretch of grassland. ☆
Among them was a model worker.

39. Through the village flows a wide, clear river, along the banks of which are a fleet of fishing boats.
Along the both banks of the river are old buildings that can tell the history of the city.

40. 5.系表结构中强调表语提到句首&
so…that…句中强调表语(全倒)
强调宾语or状语(部倒)
Bright and sunny was the morning.
Such was the story he told me.
So small was the mark that I
could hardly see it.
So little did I know about sth…

41. Often had I intended to speak of it.
many a… 等提到句首(部分倒装)
To such an extent did he go on with his empty speech that some of us began to doze.
Often had I intended to speak of it.