1. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. FUNCTION ?

3. MEIOSIS

5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMATION OF SPERM AND EGG ?

6. PROPHASE I
SYNAPSIS: HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES PAIR UP AND INTERTWINE: FORMS TETRADS
CROSS OVER COMMON

7. ANAPHASE I
HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME PAIRS SEPARATE

8. TELOPHASE I
SAME AS MITOSIS WITH REPLICATED PAIRS

9. SECOND MEITOTIC DIVISION
PROPHASE II: SAME AS MITOSIS
ANAPHASE II: CENTROMERES SEPARATE RELEASING CHROMATIDS: NOW CHROMOSOMES
TELOPHASE II:

10. MALE SYSTEM PRODUCE/MAINTAIN SPERM CELLS TRANSPORT TO FEMALE TRACT
SECRETE MALE SEX HORMONES

11. TESTES 1-2 MONTHS DROP FROM NEAR KIDNEYS TO SCROTUM ?
STIMULATED BY TESTOSTERONE
GUBERNACULUM
CRYPTORCHIDISM

12. STRUCTURE TUNICA ALBUGINEA
MEDIASTINUM TESTIS: CONNECTIVE TISSUE (SEPTA) DIVIDE TESTIS TO 250 LOBULES
LOBULE: 4 SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES UNITE TO RETE TESTIS IN MEDIASTINUM TO EPIDIDYMIS TO DUCTUS DEFERENS
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES: SPECIALIZED STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
SPERMATOGENIC CELLS: ?
INTERSTITIAL CELLS: CELLS OF LEYDIG: MALE SEX HORMONES

13. SUSTENACULAR CELLS: SERTOLI CELLS: COLUMNAR; SUPPORT, NOURISH, REGULATE SPERMATAOGENIC CELLS
aboutcancer.com

14. SPERMATOGENESIS
MALE EMBRYO: HORMONES ACTIVATE SPERMATOGONIA: MITOSIS FORMS:
A CELLS (SAME)
B CELLS: PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE
SPERMATOGENESIS WAITS TILL PUBERTY
MORE TESTOSTERONE: NEW MITOSIS; MEIOSIS  2 SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES  SPERMATIDS HOW MANY?
DURING SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS MOVE TOWARDS LUMEN
BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER: TIGHT JUNCTIONS OF SUSTENACULAR CELLS WHY?
SPERMATOGENSIS OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY

15. SPERM CELLS  LUMEN  RETE TESTIS  EPIDIDYMUS: COLLECT/MATURE

16. SPERM CELL STRUCTURE 0.06 mm ACROMOSOME: ENZYMES TO ENTER EGG
HYALURONIDASE
MIDPIECE: MITOCHONDRIA ?
TAIL: FLAGELLUM: MICROTUBULES

17. EPIDIDYMIDES 6 METERS LONG
PSEUDOSTRATIFIEDCOLUMNAR, NONMOTILE CILIA SECRETE FLUID WITH GLYCOGEN FOR ?
PERISTALTSIS MOVES SPERM THROUGH AS MATURE

18. DUCTUS DEFERENTIA VASA DEFERENTIA/ VAS DEFERENS 45 cm
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
THROUGH INGUINAL CANAL
END: DILATES TO AMPULLA
JOINS SEMINAL VESSICLE DUCT TO EJACULATORY DUCT TO PROSTATE GLAND TO URETHRA

19. SEMINAL VESICLES CONVOLUTED SAC, 5 cm
GLANDULAR TISSUE LINING: SECRETES SLIGHTLY ALKALINE FLUID WITH FRUCTOSE AND PROSTAGLANDINS
PROTECT SPERM AS IT TRAVELS
ENERGY
STIMULATE CONTRACTIONS OF FEMALE TRACT ?

21. PROSTATE GLAND
4 x 3 cm
BRANCHED TUBULAR GLANDS SEPARATED BY CONNECTIVE TISSUE SEPTA AND SMOOTH MUSCLE SECRETE INTO URETHRA
THIN, MILKY FLUID
ALKALINE VS. METABOLIC WASTE OF SPERM & FEMALE TRACT
HELPS MOBILIZE SPERM
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS FOR SECRETION WHEN SEMEN ENTERS

22. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS
1 cm
URETHRA BELOW PROSTRATE
TUBES OF GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE
SECRETES MUCUS LIKE FLUID WHEN STIMULATION OCCURS FOR SOME LUBRICATION

23. nursingcrib.com

24. SEMEN 2-5 mm 120 MILLION SPERM PER mm
SPERM CELLS; FLUID FROM SEMINAL VESSICLES, PROSTATE GLAND AND BULBOURETHRAL GLAND
ALKALINE, PROSTAGLANDINS AND NUTRIENTS
CAPACITATION
LAST WEEKS IN MALE, CAN ONLY FERTILIZE FOR 1-2 DAYS

25. EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SCROTUM:
SUBCUTANEOUS MEMBRANE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE, NO FAT ?
3º COOLER
MEDIAL SEPTUM DIVIDES IN TWO

26. PENIS
BODY: ERECTILE TISSUE: PAIR OF COPORA CAVERNOSA AND CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
TUNICA ALBUGINEA GLANS: EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE
FORESKIN: PREPUCE

27. PARASYMPATHETIC NS RELEASES VASODILATOR N ITRIC ACID
DILATES ARTERIES
THIS CONSTRICTS VEINS ?
(BLOOD ENTERS AND PRESSURE BUILDS)
SYMPATHETIC NS CONTROLS EMISSION (PERISTALSIS) AND EJACULATION ERECTILE TISSUE STIMULATED, SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTS
BULBOURETHRAL FLUID FIRST, PROSTATE, SPERM, THEN SEMINAL VESSICLES

28. HORMONAL CONTROL HYPOTHALAMUS  GnRH  GONADOTROPINS: LH/FSH
LH (ICSH IN MALES) : STIMUATES DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSTITIAL CELLS
FSH STIMULATES SUSTENACULAR CELLS
FSH AND TESTOSTERONE SPERMATOGENESIS
SUSTENACULAR CELLS PRODUCE INHIBIN PREVENTS OVERPRODUCTION OF FSH

29. MALE SEX HORMONES ANDROGENS MOSTLY BY INTERSTITIAL CELLS; SOME ?
TESTOSTERONE: STEROID HORMONE; CARRIED BY PLASMA PROTEINS TO RECEPTOR
IN PROSTATE, SEMINAL VESSICLES: CHANGED TO DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE TO FUNCTION
EXCESS CHANGED BY LIVER AND EXCRETED
PRODUCED AROUND BIRTH AND AT PUBERTY

30. TESTOSTERONE ACTION 8 WEEK EMBRYO: PUBERTY:
FORMATION OF MALE GLANDS; TESTICULAR DECENSION LATER
PUBERTY:
MALE GLANDS GROW AND DEVELOP
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS:
BODY HAIR; ADAM’S APPLE; THICKENING OF SKIN; MUSCULAR GROWTH: SHOULDERS AND WAIST; BONES THICKEN/STRENGTHEN; INCREASED METABOLISM; RELEASE OF ERYTHROPOIETIN;

31. REGULATION OF HORMONES
HYPOTHALAMUS RELEASES GnRH TO ANTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE LH TO INTERSTITIAL CELLS TO RELEASE TESTOSTERONE
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
MALE CLIMATERIC: TESTOSTERONE DECREASES

32. FEMALE SYSTEM FOR PRODUCTION AND MATURATION OF EGG
TRANSPORT FOR FERTILIZATION
ENVIRONMENT FOR EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
BIRTH
FEMALE SEX HORMONES

33. PRIMARY SEX ORGANS: OVARIES
3.5 x 2 x 1 cm
HELD BY LIGAMENTS:
BROAD LIGAMENT; SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT AND OVARIAN LIGAMENT
DESCEND TO PELVIC BRIM
MEDULLA AND CORTEX
MEDULLA: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD, NERVES, LYMPH,
CORTEX: OVARIAN FOLLICLES
TUNICA ALBUGINEA

34. OOGENESIS
EMBRYO: HAS ALL EGGS, MITOSIS: MORE OOGONIA  PRIMARY OOCYTES
PRIMARY OOCYTE COVERED BY FLATTENED EPITHELIAL CELLS= FOLLICULAR CELLS  PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE; RESTS TILL PUBERTY
EMBRYO: SEVERAL MILLION EGGS  BIRTH: 1 MILLION  PUBERTY: 400,000  ~400 RELEASED  A FEW FERTILIZED

35. PUBERTY: A FEW STIMULATED TO GO THROUGH MEIOSIS
UNEVEN CYTOPLASMIC DIVISION = POLAR BODIES
IF FERTILIZED, SECONDARY OOCYTE DIVIDES TO FORM LAST POLAR BODY
PUBERTY: INCREASED PRODUCTION OF FSH  OVARIES ENLARGE
FSH STIMULATES SOME (UP TO 20) PRIMORDIAL OOCYTES TO MATURE, FOLLICULAR CELLS DIVIDE = GRANULOSA CELLS: STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM, ZONA PELLUCIDA (GLYCOPROTINE LAYER) FORMS  PRIMARY FOLLICLE

36. FOLLICULAR CELLS PROLIFERATE: SECONDARY FOLLICLE
OVARIES DEVELOP:
INNER VASCULAR LAYER: THECA INTERNA: STEROID SECRETING CELLS
OUTER FIBROUS LAYER: THECA EXTERNA: CONNECTIVE TSSUE
FOLLICULAR CELLS PROLIFERATE: SECONDARY FOLLICLE
1 WEEK: DOMINANT FOLLICLE FORMS MATURES IN DAYS TO GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE
SECONDARY OOCYTE DEVELOPS WITH THICK ZONA PELLUCIDA AND CORONA RADIATA OF FOLLICLE WHICH SUPPLIES NUTRIENTS TO OOCYTE

37. OVULATION: STIMULATED BY LH: CAUSES SWELLING & RUPTURE OF FOLLICLE
PICKED UP BY UTERINE TUBE: MUST BE FERTILIZED SHORTLY

38. INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS
UTERINE TUBES:
BROAD LIGAMENT
10 cm x .7 cm
INFUNDIBULUM WITH FIMBRIAE

39. UTERUS 7 x 5 cm x 2.5 cm BROAD LIGAMENT COVERS
ROUND LIGAMENT TO PELVIC WALL
BODY
FUNDUS
CERVIX
CERVICAL ORIFICE
OSTIUM UTERI

40. ENDOMETRIUM MYOMETRIUM PERIMETRIUM
MUCOSAL, COLUMNAR EPITHEILIUM, TUBULAR GLANDS
MYOMETRIUM
SMOOTH MUSCLE: LONGITUDINAL, CIRCULAR, SPIRAL
PERIMETRIUM

42. VAGINA 9 cm FIBROMUSCULAR TUBE ALLOWS SPERM IN/ BABY OUT
SURROUNDS CERVIX
VAGINAL ORIFICE: HYMEN
LAYERS
MUCOSAL: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS, VAGINAL RUGAE, NO MUCOUS GLANDS
MUSCULAR: SMOOTH, LONGITUDINAL AND CIRCULAR; THIN STRIATED AT MOUTH ALSO BULBOSPONGIOSUS: CLOSED
FIBROUS: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, ELASTIC FIBERS, CONNECTIONS

43. EXTERNAL ORGANS LABIA MAJORA LABIA MINORA ENCLOSE PROTECT REST
SKIN, ADIPOSE TISSUE, SMOOTH MUSCLE
HAIR, SWEAT GLANDS
COVERS VAGINAL OPENINGS
LABIA MINORA
FLATTENED LONGITUDINAL FOLDS INSIDE
CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS

44. CLITORIS 2cm, 0.5 cm 2 COLUMNS OF COPORA CAVERNOSA
SENSORY NERVE FIBERS

45. VESTIBULE SPACE WITHIN LABIA MINORA
VESTIBULAR GLANDS/BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS
VESTIBULAR BULBS: VASCULAR ERECTILE TISSUE

46. CONTROL OF ORGASM
SEXUAL STIMULATION  PARASYMPATHETIC NS  VASODILATOR NITRIC OXIDE  ERECTION
STIMULATES VESTIBULAR GLANDS TO RELEASE MUCUS
CLITORAL STIMULATION  ORGASM  REFLEXES IN SACRAL AND LUMBAR SPINAL CORD  CONTRACTION OF UTERINE TUBES AND UTERUS ?

47. HORMONAL CONTROL
~10 YEARS: HYPOTHALAMUS  GnRH  ANTERIOR PITUITARY  FSH & LH 
OVARIES, ADRENAL CORTEX, PLACENTA RELEASE HORMONES
ESTROGEN
ESTRADIOL MOSTLY, ESTRONE, ESTRIOL
PROGESTERONE
PUBERTY: OVARIES RELEASE ESTROGEN:
ENLARGEMENT OF OVARIES AND OTHER ORGANS

48. SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
DEVELOPMENT OF BREASTS AND MAMMARY GLANDS
MORE ADIPOSE TISSUE
INCREASES VASCULARIZATION OF SKIN
PROGESTERONE: FROM OVARIES: CHANGES IN ENDOMETRIUM LINING, MAMMARY GLANDS, RELEASE OF GONADOTROPINS
ANDROGEN: FROM ADRENAL CORTEX: MORE HAIR, DEVELOPMENT OF SKELETON

49. REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE FIRST: MENARCHE
HYPOTHALAMUS  GnRH  ANTERIOR PITUITARY  FSH & LH
FSH: MATURATION OF FOLLICLE; GRANULOSA CELLS  ESTROGEN AND SOME PROGESTERONE
LH  OVARIAN CELLS  PRECURSOR MOLECULES  ESTROGEN
INCREASING ESTROGEN LEVEL  PROLIFERATIVE STAGE: ENDOMETRIUM THICKENS AS FOLLICLE MATURES

50. DAY 14: ANTERIOR PITUITARY RELEASES LH  OVULATION
OLD FOLLICLE/THECA INTERNA  CORPUS LUTEUM: GLANDULAR  PROGESTERONE  DEVELOPS ENDOMETRIUM MORE & UTERINE GLANDS TO SECRETE GLYCOGEN AND LIPIDS: SECRETORY PHASE ??
HIGH ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE INHIBIT FSH & LH NO MORE FOLLICLE STIMULATION
IF NOT FERTILIZED: CORPUS LUTEUM  CORPUS ALBICANS: ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE DECREASE

51. BLOOD VESSELS CONSTRICT/LESS O2/ CELLS SLOUGH OFF: MENSES: DAY 28 FOR 3-5 DAYS
FSH AND LH INCREASE: NEW CYCLE

52. MENOPAUSE LATE 40/EARLY 50 IRREGULAR/MONTHS TO YEARS: ENDS
AGE OF OVARIES: FEW PRIMARY OOCYTES, FOLLICLES DON’T MATURE, NO OVULATION, LESS ESTROGEN EXCEPT FOR ADRENAL ESTROGEN; LESS PROGESTERONE
SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE: SHRINK
LOSS OF BONE, THINNING OF SKIN
50% NO SYMPTOMS; HOT FLASHES, MIGRAINES, FATIGUE, MUSCLE SORENESS

53. MAMMARY GLANDS 15-20 LOBES; DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND ADIPOSE TISSUE
ALVEOLAR GLANDS  ALVEOLAR DUCTS  LACTIFEROUS DUCT  NIPPLE
SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS

54. BIRTH CONTROL
DETERMINED BY YOUR BELIEFS: WHEN IS THE DEVELOPING FETUS ALIVE?
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
RHYTHM METHOD
MECHANICAL BARRIERS
CONDOM: MALE; FEMALE
DIAPHRAGM
CERVICAL CAP
OFTEN WITH SPERMICIDAL JELLY

55. CHEMICAL BARRIER
SPERMICIDAL CREAMS, FOAMS, JELLIES,
HIGHER FAILURE RATE WHEN USED ALONE
COMBINED HORMONE CONTRACEPTIVES
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LIKE
CHEMICAL RING: MONTH
PLASTIC PATCH
PILL
MINIPILL
DISRUPT FSH AND LH SECRETION
USUALLY AROUND 100%
INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTION – FOR 3 MONTHS
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
SURGICAL METHODS
VASECTOMY
TUBAL LIGATION